When Friendship Gets Deadly

What’s 1 Samuel 20 about?

This is the story of friendship under fire - literally. When King Saul’s jealousy reaches murderous levels, David and Jonathan craft an elaborate plan to test whether the king really wants his son’s best friend dead. Spoiler alert: he does.

The Full Context

Picture this: you’re best friends with the prince, but his father - the king - wants you dead. Welcome to David’s world in 1 Samuel 20. This chapter sits right in the heart of David’s fugitive years, after he’s proven himself as a warrior and worship leader, but before he becomes king. Samuel wrote this account to show how God’s chosen leader navigated betrayal, friendship, and political intrigue while maintaining his integrity.

The immediate context is crucial: Saul has already tried to pin David to the wall with a spear twice (1 Samuel 18:10-11, 19:9-10). David has been hiding, but he’s not sure if Saul’s rage is permanent or just temporary royal mood swings. This chapter serves as the final test - and the devastating answer that changes everything. It’s also where we see one of Scripture’s most beautiful friendships face its ultimate trial, showing us what covenant loyalty looks like when the stakes couldn’t be higher.

What the Ancient Words Tell Us

The Hebrew here is absolutely loaded with covenant language. When Jonathan says he’ll “shalom you” in verse 13, he’s not just wishing David well - he’s invoking God’s comprehensive peace and protection. But the real linguistic gem is the word chesed (covenant loyalty) that runs through their entire conversation like a golden thread.

Grammar Geeks

The phrase “cutting a covenant” in verse 16 uses the Hebrew verb karat, which literally means “to cut.” Ancient covenants involved cutting animals in half and walking between the pieces - essentially saying “may this happen to me if I break this promise.” Jonathan and David are making the most serious vow possible.

This isn’t just buddy talk - it’s treaty language. When Jonathan asks David to show chesed to his family line forever, he’s using the same terminology found in international treaties. These two young men are essentially creating a diplomatic agreement that will outlast kingdoms.

The word choice gets even more interesting when you realize that Jonathan repeatedly calls his father “hamelech” (the king) rather than “avi” (my father) when discussing the danger to David. It’s like he’s creating emotional distance, treating this as a political rather than personal crisis.

What Would the Original Audience Have Heard?

Ancient Near Eastern readers would have immediately recognized the protocol violations happening here. Sons of kings didn’t typically make independent covenants - that was dad’s job. Jonathan is essentially conducting foreign policy without royal approval, which in most kingdoms would be treason.

But there’s something even more radical going on. When Jonathan strips off his robe, armor, sword, bow, and belt and gives them to David back in 1 Samuel 18:4, he’s not just being generous. In ancient royal protocol, these items symbolized the prince’s authority and future kingship. Jonathan is essentially saying, “You should be king, not me.”

Did You Know?

The “new moon” festival mentioned in verses 5-6 was a major monthly celebration in Israel, kind of like a combination of Thanksgiving and a state dinner. Missing it without permission was a big deal - like skipping Christmas dinner with the royal family.

The original audience would have been struck by the painful irony: here’s the legitimate heir to the throne helping God’s chosen king escape his own father’s murderous rage. They’re watching the old order literally trying to kill the new, while the bridge between them - Jonathan - remains faithful to both.

But Wait… Why Did Jonathan Risk Everything?

Here’s what’s genuinely puzzling about this story: Jonathan knows David is going to be king. God’s prophet Samuel has made this clear. So why doesn’t Jonathan just step aside or even join David’s rebellion? Why stay loyal to a father who’s clearly opposing God’s will?

The answer reveals something beautiful about Jonathan’s character. He understands that there’s a difference between God’s ultimate plan and his immediate responsibilities. Jonathan won’t betray his father, even when his father is wrong. But he also won’t betray his friend, even when it’s dangerous.

Wait, That’s Strange…

Notice that Jonathan never actually tells David what the arrow signals mean until after he’s shot them. The whole elaborate code was probably just an excuse to meet privately - the real communication happened when Jonathan sent his servant away and they could talk face to face.

This tension between competing loyalties is something modern readers can relate to. How do you honor your family when they’re making destructive choices? How do you stay faithful to friends when it costs you everything? Jonathan shows us it’s possible to love people without enabling their sin.

Wrestling with the Text

The hardest part of this chapter isn’t the political intrigue - it’s watching friendship survive the impossible. When Jonathan and David kiss and weep together in verse 41, we’re seeing something precious and rare: two men who love each other enough to let go.

There’s profound grief here. Jonathan is losing his best friend. David is losing his connection to the royal family and any hope of reconciliation with Saul. Both are losing the future they might have shared - ruling Israel together, their children growing up as friends, growing old as brothers.

“True friendship sometimes means helping someone walk away from you.”

But notice what survives: the covenant. Even as they’re saying goodbye, they’re reaffirming their commitment to each other’s families. This isn’t just an emotional farewell - it’s a strategic alliance that will echo through generations.

The text also forces us to wrestle with the cost of integrity. David could have stayed and fought for his place at court. He could have gathered supporters and staged a coup. Instead, he chooses exile. Sometimes doing the right thing means accepting loss, walking away from what’s rightfully yours, and trusting God with the timing.

How This Changes Everything

This chapter marks the end of David’s court life and the beginning of his wilderness years. Everything that happens from here until 2 Samuel 2 flows from this moment of choice. David’s decision to flee rather than fight shapes him into the kind of king Israel needs.

But the bigger transformation is about friendship. Jonathan and David show us what covenant relationship looks like when it’s tested by circumstances beyond anyone’s control. Their friendship doesn’t end - it evolves. It becomes something that transcends physical presence and immediate circumstances.

This is exactly the kind of friendship that points toward something greater. When Jesus calls his disciples friends in John 15:15, he’s describing the same kind of covenant loyalty Jonathan and David demonstrate here. Love that costs everything. Commitment that survives separation. Faithfulness that outlasts life itself.

Key Takeaway

True friendship isn’t measured by convenience or comfort - it’s proven in the moments when loyalty costs you everything and you choose love anyway.

Further Reading

Internal Links:

• 1 Samuel 18:1-4 analysis
• 2 Samuel 9:1-13 analysis

External Scholarly Resources:

• The Books of Samuel (NICOT) by Robert Bergen
• David and His Theology in the Books of Samuel by Steven McKenzie
• Friendship: The Heart of Being Human by Timothy Keller