Translations
KJVPrimary
King James VersionTherefore hath he mercy on whom he will have mercy, and whom he will he hardeneth.
F.O.G.Secondary
The F.O.GSo then He shows mercy to whom He wills, and He hardens whom He wills.
F.O.G.M.
F.O.G MessageSo then, He has mercy on whom He wills, and He hardens whom He wills.
BSB
Berean Standard BibleTherefore God has mercy on whom He wants to have mercy, and He hardens whom He wants to harden.
Footnotes
Σκληρύνει (hardens) is the same word used throughout Exodus for Pharaoh's heart-hardening. Notably, Exodus presents both Pharaoh hardening his own heart and God hardening it — suggesting divine hardening operates in and through the agent's own moral choices rather than as an arbitrary external imposition. Paul leaves this tension standing rather than resolving it.
