Translations
KJVPrimary
King James VersionWoe to the land shadowing with wings, which is beyond the rivers of Ethiopia:
F.O.G.Secondary
The F.O.GHa! Land of whirring wings, beyond the rivers of Kush—
F.O.G.M.
F.O.G MessageA solemn cry goes out over the land of buzzing wings, beyond the rivers of Cush—
BSB
Berean Standard BibleWoe to the land of whirring wings, along the rivers of Cush,
Footnotes
The opening הוֹי (*hoy*) is a versatile Hebrew particle: it can be a lament ("Woe") or an attention-summoning call ("Ha!/Ho!"). Crucially, unlike most *hoy* oracles in Isaiah, no doom follows — the chapter ends with tribute brought to Zion — so the sense leans toward "Hear, O land!" rather than pure judgment. צִלְצַל כְּנָפָיִם (*tziltzal knafayim*, lit. "whirring/rustling of wings") most likely evokes the vast insect life characteristic of the upper Nile region — locusts, cicadas, or the tsetse flies that ancient writers used as identifying markers for equatorial Africa. FOG renders it as vivid sensory sound; FOG Message captures its ominous, buzzing portent.
