Who wrote the book of Hebrews?

1. Summary of the Question

The question, “Who wrote the book of Hebrews?” delves into the longstanding debate regarding the authorship of one of the New Testament’s most profound books. Unlike other New Testament epistles, the book of Hebrews does not clearly identify its author, leaving room for much speculation and study. While various theories have been proposed, there is no definitive answer. This exploration will consider the historical and biblical context, the arguments for various proposed authors, and the implications for understanding the book’s message in line with biblical teachings.

2. Context and Background

The book of Hebrews is a unique New Testament epistle. It is traditionally classified as one of the Pauline Epistles, but its style, vocabulary, and theological depth set it apart from Paul’s other letters. Hebrews primarily addresses Jewish Christians who were under pressure to revert to Judaism, and it aims to strengthen their faith in Jesus Christ as the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy and the superior High Priest.

The question of authorship arises because the letter does not begin with the usual greeting that identifies the writer, as seen in Paul’s other letters. The earliest manuscripts and church traditions do not uniformly attribute the letter to any specific author, making it a subject of discussion since the early centuries of the Christian church. The letter is attributed to someone with a deep understanding of Jewish traditions, the Septuagint (Greek translation of the Old Testament), and early Christian teachings. Various names have been proposed, such as Paul, Barnabas, Apollos, Luke, and even Priscilla.

3. Biblical Foundation (NASB 2020)

While the Bible does not explicitly name the author of Hebrews, key scripture verses provide insight into the content and purpose of the book:

• Hebrews 1:1-2 (NASB 2020): “God, after He spoke long ago to the fathers in the prophets in many portions and in many ways, in these last days has spoken to us in His Son, whom He appointed heir of all things, through whom also He made the world.”
  This introduction sets the theological foundation of Hebrews, emphasizing God’s revelation through Jesus Christ, superior to all previous revelations.
• Hebrews 4:14 (NASB 2020): “Therefore, since we have a great high priest who has passed through the heavens, Jesus the Son of God, let’s hold firmly to our confession.”
  This verse captures the central theme of Jesus as the Great High Priest, which is a hallmark of the letter’s theological argument.
• Hebrews 13:22-24 (NASB 2020): “But I urge you, brothers and sisters, listen patiently to this word of exhortation, for I have written to you briefly. Know that our brother Timothy has been released, with whom, if he comes soon, I will see you. Greet all of your leaders and all the saints. Those from Italy greet you.”
  The mention of Timothy, a close associate of Paul, and the request for greetings suggest the author was familiar with Paul’s circle but does not definitively identify him.

These verses reflect a deep understanding of Jewish theology and Christian doctrine, leading to various hypotheses regarding the author.

4. Addressing Other Perspectives

There are several theories regarding the authorship of Hebrews:

1. Pauline Authorship: Some early church traditions attributed Hebrews to Paul, citing the book’s deep theology and connections to Paul’s ministry. However, the differences in style, vocabulary, and the lack of Paul’s typical greeting make this attribution uncertain. Most modern scholars lean away from Pauline authorship due to these stylistic differences.
2. Barnabas: Tertullian, an early church father, suggested that Barnabas, a Levite and companion of Paul, could be the author. His Jewish background and close association with Paul’s ministry provide some basis for this theory, but it lacks strong manuscript support.
3. Apollos: Martin Luther proposed Apollos, described in Acts 18:24 as an eloquent man and knowledgeable in the Scriptures. Apollos’s Alexandrian background and rhetorical skill could match the refined Greek style of Hebrews. However, no early church traditions specifically ascribe the book to him.
4. Priscilla: Some suggest Priscilla, along with her husband Aquila, could be the author. This theory posits that Priscilla, being a teacher in the early church, might have written the book but left her name out to avoid prejudice against a female author. However, this view remains speculative with limited historical evidence.
5. Luke or Clement of Rome: Luke, the author of Luke-Acts, is another candidate due to his polished Greek style. Clement of Rome, an early church leader, is also mentioned as a possible author based on similarities in writing style. However, there is no conclusive evidence to support these claims.

5. Clarifying Misunderstandings

A common misconception is that the uncertainty around the authorship of Hebrews diminishes its authority or value in the canon of Scripture. However, the early church included Hebrews in the New Testament canon based on its theological depth, consistency with apostolic teaching, and its edifying effect on believers. Its canonicity does not depend on knowing the exact human author but on recognizing its divine inspiration and authoritative content.

Another misunderstanding is the assumption that Paul’s name must be attached to every deep theological writing of the New Testament. The New Testament contains diverse voices, and each contributes uniquely to the unified message of God’s revelation through Jesus Christ.

6. Practical Application and Relevance

While the specific identity of the author of Hebrews remains unknown, this does not diminish the impact and relevance of the book for Christian living:

• Confidence in Christ’s Supremacy: Hebrews emphasizes the superiority of Jesus Christ over all previous revelations, reminding Christians to anchor their faith in Him, the Great High Priest (Hebrews 4:14). This encourages believers to approach God with confidence, knowing that Jesus intercedes on their behalf (Hebrews 7:25).
• Endurance in Faith: The book encourages believers to persevere in their faith, even amid trials, by fixing their eyes on Jesus, the author and perfecter of faith (Hebrews 12:2). This message is particularly relevant for Christians facing doubts or pressures to compromise their beliefs.
• Understanding God’s Promises: Hebrews teaches that the promises of God are fulfilled in Jesus Christ, offering a greater understanding of the Old and New Covenants. This deepens believers’ appreciation for God’s faithfulness and encourages them to hold fast to the hope set before them (Hebrews 6:18-19).

7. Encouragement and Conclusion

The authorship of Hebrews may remain a mystery, but the letter’s divine inspiration and theological richness are clear. It provides profound insights into the person and work of Jesus Christ, encouraging believers to love what God loves and reject what He hates, particularly by focusing on faith, perseverance, and hope in the promises of God. Regardless of the human author, Hebrews remains a treasured part of Scripture that continues to speak powerfully to the Church today, guiding believers to maturity and faithfulness in their walk with God. As we embrace the truths of Hebrews, we are drawn closer to God and His ultimate revelation in Jesus Christ.