G2355

Introduction

Understanding Greek words is fundamental to biblical studies because it helps illuminate the deeper meanings and contexts of New Testament passages. The Greek word θρῆνος (thrēnos) is particularly significant as it means “lamentation” or “dirge.” This noun is commonly used in contexts of mourning and lament, especially in the expression of grief over loss or disaster. Examining θρῆνος enables us to explore the cultural and emotional practices of mourning in ancient Greek society and provides insight into how these expressions are reflected in biblical literature.

Key Information

The Greek Word: θρῆνος (thrēnos) [THRAY-nos]
Etymology: Derived from the Greek root θρην (thrēn), meaning “to wail” or “to lament.” The noun θρῆνος refers specifically to a lamentation or a song of mourning, often performed in response to death or tragedy.
Part of Speech: Noun (Masculine); used to describe an expression of mourning, such as a lament or a dirge.
Grammatical Details: Third declension noun; follows a specific pattern for masculine nouns.
The F.O.G Word Choice: Coming Soon

Primary Meanings

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Lamentation: An expression of deep grief or sorrow, often in a formal or ritualistic setting.
Dirge: A mournful song, piece of music, or poem expressing grief or lamentation.
Wail: A prolonged high-pitched cry of pain, grief, or anger.

Similar Words: ὀδυρμός (odyrmós) [oh-deer-MOS] is another Greek noun meaning “lamentation” or “wailing.” While ὀδυρμός emphasizes the vocal expression of grief, θρῆνος often refers to a more structured or formal lamentation, such as a funeral dirge. Another related word is ἔλεος (éleos) [EH-leh-os], meaning “compassion” or “mercy.” While ἔλεος conveys a response to suffering with kindness or pity, θρῆνος is focused on the act of expressing grief and sorrow.

Further Insights: As a third declension masculine noun, θρῆνος has a distinct set of endings. Below is a table showing the full declension of θρῆνος:

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	θρῆνος	θρῆνοι
Genitive	θρήνου	θρήνων
Dative	θρήνῳ	θρήνοις
Accusative	θρῆνον	θρήνους
Vocative	θρῆνε	θρῆνοι

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Lexicon Insights

BDAG: θρῆνος is defined as “a lament, a dirge.” BDAG emphasizes its use in contexts where formal mourning or lamentation is being expressed, often in response to death, tragedy, or disaster, indicating a structured, ritualistic expression of grief.
Thayer’s Lexicon: Thayer’s describes θρῆνος as “a lamentation, a wailing,” focusing on its usage in passages that depict public mourning ceremonies, such as funerals or significant communal tragedies. It highlights the word’s application in conveying both personal and collective grief.
Vine’s Expository Dictionary: Vine’s discusses θρῆνος in terms of its literal meaning “a lament” or “a dirge.” The dictionary notes how this term is often used to convey a deep, sorrowful response to loss, structured in a way that reflects cultural mourning practices.
LSJ (Liddell-Scott-Jones): The LSJ lexicon provides a broad overview of θρῆνος, from its basic meaning of “lament” or “dirge” in everyday contexts to more metaphorical uses in literature where it symbolizes mourning, regret, or a profound sense of loss.
Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance: G2355. Strong’s defines θρῆνος as “a lamentation, a dirge,” highlighting its frequent use in both Old and New Testament texts to describe structured acts of mourning, singing lamentations, or performing funeral rites.

Related Scripture References

Matthew 2:18: “In Rama was there a voice heard, lamentation (θρῆνος), and weeping, and great mourning, Rachel weeping for her children, and would not be comforted, because they are not.”
Revelation 18:22: “And the voice of harpers, and musicians, and of pipers, and trumpeters, shall be heard no more at all in thee; and no craftsman, of whatsoever craft he be, shall be found any more in thee; and the sound of a millstone shall be heard no more at all in thee.”

Classical Usage

Author	Name of Work	English Text
Homer	Iliad	“The women raised a great lament (θρῆνον) over the fallen hero.”
Euripides	Hecuba	“She sang a dirge (θρῆνον) for her lost children.”
Sophocles	Oedipus Rex	“The chorus lamented (θρῆνον) the fate of Oedipus.”
Septuagint – Jeremiah	Septuagint Translation	“For thus says the Lord: Let them call for the mourning women, that they may come and sing a lament (θρῆνον).”
Septuagint – Ezekiel	Septuagint Translation	“And they shall take up a lament (θρῆνον) for you, and say, How art thou destroyed!”
Septuagint – Isaiah	Septuagint Translation	“In that day shall there be a great lament (θρῆνος) in Jerusalem.”

Summary of θρῆνος (G2355)

The Greek noun θρῆνος (thrēnos) primarily means “lamentation” or “dirge.” It is used to describe both individual and communal expressions of deep grief and sorrow, often in response to death, tragedy, or significant loss. In the New Testament and classical literature, θρῆνος is associated with formal mourning practices, highlighting the cultural importance of expressing grief in a structured, often ritualistic manner. Understanding θρῆνος helps in interpreting biblical passages that focus on lamentation, mourning, and the human response to loss or divine judgment, providing deeper insight into the emotional and cultural life of ancient societies.

Did You Know?

The word θρῆνος is not only used in Greek literature and scripture to describe lamentation for the dead but also has a broader significance in classical texts. In ancient Greek drama, θρῆνος often serves as a powerful literary device to convey the emotional weight of a scene, especially in tragedies where collective mourning reflects the gravity of a loss or the severity of a calamity. In the New Testament, θρῆνος carries similar weight, often appearing in contexts where the consequences of sin, judgment, or loss are being mourned. Understanding θρῆνος provides valuable insight into the ways ancient cultures viewed mourning, grief, and the healing process that comes through communal expressions of sorrow.