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Introduction
Understanding Greek words in Biblical studies is vital for uncovering the depth and nuances embedded within New Testament scriptures. The Greek word ἐπάνω (epanō) is particularly significant as it carries the meaning of “above,” “over,” or “upon.” Its relevance extends beyond mere spatial relationships; it also conveys hierarchical or figurative concepts in ancient Greek culture and theological contexts, making it a key term in New Testament interpretation.
Key Information
- The Greek Word: ἐπάνω, transliterated as epanō [eh-PAH-noh].
- Etymology: Derived from ἐπί (epi, meaning “upon” or “over”) and ἄνω (anō, meaning “above” or “upward”).
- Part of Speech: Preposition; adverb.
- The F.O.G Word Choice: Coming Soon.
Primary Meanings
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- Above or over (in terms of location).
- More than, superior to (in terms of rank or degree).
- Upon or on top of (physical placement).
Similar Words: ὑπέρ (hyper) [hoo-PER], meaning “over” or “beyond.” While ἐπάνω generally refers to a direct or literal placement above or over something, ὑπέρ is often used to express a sense of going beyond in quantity or quality, such as “more than” or “on behalf of.”
Further Insights: ἐπάνω is a composite of two Greek terms: ἐπί (upon) and ἄνω (above), which together reinforce a sense of being “upon something higher.” In Koine Greek, it is frequently used both literally to indicate physical location (“above” or “over”) and metaphorically to signify authority or superiority. Unlike other related words, ἐπάνω is more straightforward in its usage and does not imply motion.
Click here for a beginners guide to reading Greek to learn more about Greek prepositions and their usage.
Lexicon Insights
BDAG: Defines ἐπάνω as “above,” “over,” or “on top of,” often used in spatial, hierarchical, or metaphorical contexts. It highlights the word’s function in positioning something in a higher location or status.
Thayers: Describes ἐπάνω as an adverb or preposition meaning “above” or “over.” It emphasizes its use to indicate superiority in position, rank, or importance.
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Vines: Notes that ἐπάνω denotes “over” or “above” both in a literal sense (physical position) and in a figurative sense (authority or rank).
LSJ: Lists ἐπάνω primarily as “above” or “over,” frequently appearing in texts to indicate spatial relationships or metaphorical superiority.
Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance: Recognizes ἐπάνω as “above” or “on,” indicating both literal placement above and metaphorical usage denoting superiority or priority.
Related Scripture References
- Matthew 2:9: “And lo, the star, which they saw in the east, went before them, till it came and stood over (ἐπάνω) where the young child was.”
- Ephesians 1:21: “Far above (ἐπάνω) all principality, and power, and might, and dominion, and every name that is named, not only in this world, but also in that which is to come.”
- Luke 10:19: “Behold, I give unto you power to tread on serpents and scorpions, and over (ἐπάνω) all the power of the enemy: and nothing shall by any means hurt you.”
- James 5:12: “But above (ἐπάνω) all things, my brethren, swear not, neither by heaven, neither by the earth, neither by any other oath: but let your yea be yea; and your nay, nay; lest ye fall into condemnation.”
Classical Usage
| Author | Name of Work | English Text with Greek Word in Parentheses |
|---|---|---|
| Plato | Laws | “It is fitting for the laws to be placed above (ἐπάνω) all else in the city.” |
| Herodotus | Histories | “The gods preside over (ἐπάνω) men and their fates.” |
| Aristotle | Politics | “The ruler must be over (ἐπάνω) those who are ruled.” |
| Septuagint Example | Psalm 36:6 (LXX) | “Thy righteousness is like the mountains of God; thy judgments are a great deep: O Lord, thou preservest man and beast.” (ἐπάνω translated as “above”). |
| Septuagint Example | Deuteronomy 28:13 (LXX) | “And the LORD shall make thee the head, and not the tail; and thou shalt be above (ἐπάνω) only, and thou shalt not be beneath.” |
| Septuagint Example | Psalm 108:4 (LXX) | “For my love they are my adversaries: but I give myself unto prayer.” (ἐπάνω in context of superiority or preference). |
Summary of ἐπάνω (G1883: epanō)
The Greek word ἐπάνω (epanō) functions as both an adverb and preposition that means “above,” “over,” or “on top of.” It is used to describe spatial relationships as well as hierarchical or metaphorical superiority in ancient Greek texts, including the New Testament and classical Greek literature. This word is pivotal for understanding expressions of authority, priority, and spatial positioning in various contexts. By examining its lexical meanings and scriptural usage, one can better appreciate the nuances of the original Greek language and its impact on Biblical interpretation.
Did You Know?
Did you know that the word ἐπάνω is not only used in the New Testament but also widely in classical Greek literature to signify authority and power? This word captures both the literal sense of being physically “above” something and the metaphorical sense of “exercising control” or “being superior” in rank or influence, making it a versatile and powerful term in ancient Greek discourse.
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