Brief Overview of λιμός (Strong’s G3042: limos)

Unveiling the Word

Understanding Greek words like λιμός (limos) is crucial in Biblical studies as it sheds light on the deeper meanings and contexts of scriptural passages. This word, which appears in Matthew 24:7, translates to “famine” and is often associated with scarcity, hardship, and divine judgment. Its usage in the New Testament underscores the conditions that precede significant spiritual or eschatological events. Additionally, exploring the term λιμός provides insight into how ancient Greek culture viewed and depicted natural disasters and their perceived spiritual or divine implications.

Necessary Information

Greek Word: λιμός (limos) [pronunciation: lee-MOS].

Etymology: The term λιμός is derived from ancient Greek and retains a straightforward meaning: “famine” or “hunger.” It does not have a complex etymological root, but its significance lies in its depiction of extreme scarcity, whether literal or metaphorical.

Part of Speech: Noun. λιμός is a masculine noun that follows the second declension pattern in Greek grammar. It is used primarily in the nominative and accusative cases to describe periods of famine or intense hunger in both literal and metaphorical contexts.

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Defining Meanings

1. Famine: The primary meaning of λιμός is “famine,” referring to a prolonged period of food scarcity. In biblical texts, it often symbolizes not only physical deprivation but also spiritual desolation and the urgency of divine intervention.
2. Hunger: A secondary meaning of λιμός is “hunger,” used to describe the physical sensation or condition of lacking food. This meaning is frequently employed in metaphorical contexts to represent a deeper yearning or need, particularly in spiritual or theological discussions.

Exploring Similar Words

1. πείνα (peina) [pronunciation: PAY-nah]: This word also means “hunger” or “famine” but tends to emphasize the process of becoming hungry rather than the prolonged state of famine depicted by λιμός.
2. λιμοκτονία (limoktonia) [pronunciation: lee-mok-TO-nee-ah]: This word means “starvation,” specifically describing the act of dying from hunger. It carries a more severe connotation than λιμός, which may simply denote a period of food shortage.
3. δέησις (deēsis) [pronunciation: DEE-ay-sis]: Although this word means “prayer” or “supplication,” it is sometimes associated with hunger or desperate need, as it represents a fervent appeal for sustenance or relief.

Reviewing the Word’s Morphology

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Case, Number, Gender:
λιμός is a masculine noun of the second declension with the following cases and numbers:

• Nominative Singular: λιμός (famine)
• Genitive Singular: λιμοῦ (of famine)
• Dative Singular: λιμῷ (to/for famine)
• Accusative Singular: λιμόν (famine)
• Nominative Plural: λιμοί (famines)
• Genitive Plural: λιμῶν (of famines)
• Dative Plural: λιμοῖς (to/for famines)
• Accusative Plural: λιμούς (famines)

For more on Greek grammar, Click here for a beginners guide to reading Greek.

Studying Lexicon Insights

The word λιμός is understood across various lexicons as a term signifying both physical famine and metaphorical hunger. In New Testament contexts, λιμός is often associated with divine judgment or as a sign of the end times, as seen in Matthew 24:7, where it describes one of the calamities that will precede the coming of the kingdom of God. In classical Greek, the term also retained its literal sense of famine but could imply social unrest or divine displeasure. Theologically, λιμός serves to remind readers of the temporal nature of physical needs and the necessity of spiritual sustenance.
This overview synthesizes insights from BDAG, Thayer’s, LSJ, Vine’s, Strong’s, LEH, and Moulton and Milligan.

Tracing Related Scriptures

1. Matthew 24:7 – “For nation shall rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom: and there shall be famines [λιμοί], and pestilences, and earthquakes, in divers places.”
2. Luke 15:14 – “And when he had spent all, there arose a mighty famine [λιμός] in that land; and he began to be in want.”
3. Acts 11:28 – “And there stood up one of them named Agabus, and signified by the Spirit that there should be great dearth [λιμός] throughout all the world: which came to pass in the days of Claudius Caesar.”

Analyzing Classical Usage

Noteworthy Summary

The Greek word λιμός carries significant weight in both biblical and classical contexts. As a term primarily meaning “famine,” it appears in prophetic and historical narratives to describe physical and metaphorical conditions of scarcity. Its consistent use across various scriptures and texts emphasizes the importance of understanding it as both a literal and symbolic term, revealing deeper layers of meaning within the biblical canon and ancient Greek literature.

Did You Know?

• Fact 1: The word λιμός is used in prophetic contexts to symbolize periods of divine testing or judgment.
• Fact 2: In ancient Greek literature, λιμός often depicted not just physical famine but also the social and political turmoil that accompanied it.
• Fact 3: The New Testament uses λιμός to foreshadow significant eschatological events, linking physical hunger to spiritual preparedness and alertness.