Brief Overview of λιβανωτός (Strong’s G3031: libanōtos)

Unveiling the Word

In Biblical studies, understanding Greek words such as λιβανωτός (libanōtos) provides deeper insight into the context and meaning of the Scriptures. The word λιβανωτός is significant because it refers to “incense” or “frankincense,” a substance used in ancient religious rituals to symbolize prayers rising to heaven. It appears in the New Testament in Revelation 8:3, where an angel offers incense along with the prayers of the saints. This term is vital for interpreting not only the symbolic language of Revelation but also for understanding the ancient practices of worship and ritual both in Jewish and Greco-Roman cultures.

Necessary Information

Greek Word: λιβανωτός (libanōtos) [pronounced lee-ban-OH-tos].

Etymology: The word λιβανωτός is derived from λίβανος (libanos), meaning “frankincense” or “incense,” combined with the suffix -τός (-tos), which forms an adjective or a noun from a verb. This combination suggests something associated with or related to frankincense.

Part of Speech: Noun, Masculine. λιβανωτός is a masculine noun that belongs to the second declension in Greek grammar. It is typically used in the singular form to denote incense, especially in contexts of religious or sacred ceremonies.

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Defining Meanings

1. Incense (Substance): The primary meaning of λιβανωτός is “incense,” particularly the aromatic resin burned during religious ceremonies. This meaning emphasizes the literal use of incense in both Jewish and early Christian worship as a fragrant offering to God.
2. Incense Offering: The term also denotes the “act of offering incense” in a ritualistic or ceremonial context. This usage highlights the connection between the physical substance of incense and its symbolic role in prayer and worship.
3. Frankincense in Temple Worship: In some texts, λιβανωτός specifically refers to the type of frankincense used in temple rituals, underscoring its importance as a sacred element in both Jewish and early Christian traditions.

Exploring Similar Words

1. θυμίαμα (thymiama) [pronunciation: thy-MEE-ah-ma]: This word also means “incense” but can refer more broadly to any aromatic substance used in sacred rites, not limited to frankincense.
2. κάρπιον (karpion) [pronunciation: kar-PEE-on]: This term refers to “fruit” or “produce” and, in some contexts, to offerings made in the temple, differing from λιβανωτός, which specifically means incense.
3. μύρον (myron) [pronunciation: MOO-ron]: This word refers to “ointment” or “perfume,” often used for anointing or burial. Unlike λιβανωτός, which is burned, μύρον is typically applied directly to the body or used to anoint.

Reviewing the Word’s Morphology

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As a noun, λιβανωτός follows the second declension pattern in Greek. It has a masculine gender, and its forms vary based on case and number. Here is a breakdown of the noun’s morphology:

For those new to Greek grammar, understanding these cases is crucial to comprehending how nouns function in sentences. Click here for a beginners guide to reading Greek.

Studying Lexicon Insights

The word λιβανωτός carries deep significance across various Greek lexicons. In the New Testament, particularly in Revelation, it symbolizes prayers rising to God, emphasizing its theological role in divine-human communication. Lexicons note its consistent use in ritual contexts, connecting it to both Jewish temple practices and Greco-Roman religious customs. Its theological implications also extend to understanding worship as a multisensory experience, where the smell of incense represents purity, sacrifice, and divine presence. The lexicons provide a comprehensive view of the word’s usage from both Jewish and Christian perspectives, reflecting its importance across different religious traditions.
This overview synthesizes insights from BDAG, Thayer’s, LSJ, Vine’s, Strong’s, LEH, and Moulton and Milligan.

Tracing Related Scriptures

1. Revelation 8:3 – “And another angel came and stood at the altar, holding a golden censer; and much incense [λιβανωτός] was given to him, so that he might add it to the prayers of all the saints on the golden altar which was before the throne.”
2. Revelation 8:4 – “And the smoke of the incense [λιβανωτός], with the prayers of the saints, went up before God out of the angel’s hand.”

Analyzing Classical Usage

Noteworthy Summary

λιβανωτός (libanōtos) plays a pivotal role in the New Testament, particularly in the Book of Revelation, where it symbolizes the prayers of the saints rising to God. The word’s use in both Jewish and Greco-Roman rituals highlights its importance as a symbol of worship and purity. Its appearance in key scriptural passages underscores its theological depth, making it a critical term for understanding the liturgical and spiritual practices of early Christianity.

Did You Know?

• Fact 1: In ancient rituals, frankincense (λιβανωτός) was not only used for its fragrance but also for its believed ability to ward off evil spirits.
• Fact 2: The burning of incense (λιβανωτός) in temple worship is considered a representation of the presence of God among His people.
• Fact 3: Incense offerings were so vital in the ancient world that they were subject to strict regulations, both in Jewish law and in Roman legal codes.