1. Overview

Βαλαάμ (Balaam) is a name rooted in ancient Near Eastern languages, likely meaning “not of the people” or “foreigner,” reflecting his non-Israelite origin. This name is primarily known from the Biblical narrative, where Balaam is depicted as a prophet who, despite his initial intentions to curse Israel, ends up blessing them due to divine intervention.

2. Lexical Details

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BDAG identifies Balaam as a prophet known from the Hebrew Scriptures, particularly noted for his role in the narratives of Numbers 22-24. Thayer’s and Vines discuss his ambiguous character, oscillating between obedience to God and personal gain. LSJ does not focus on this term as it is specific to Biblical Greek rather than classical Greek literature. Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance reflects on the detailed accounts of his interactions with the Moabite kings and the divine messages he received.

Biblical references:

• Numbers 22-24: Balaam is hired by Balak to curse Israel, but God intervenes, turning his curses into blessings.
• 2 Peter 2:15: Refers to Balaam’s error of coveting financial gain, highlighting his flawed moral character.
• Revelation 2:14: Mentions the teachings of Balaam, which led some people astray, indicating his negative influence despite his prophetic role.

3. Classical Usage

Balaam does not appear in classic Greek literature up to 100AD as it is a figure specific to Biblical texts. His story, however, has been a subject of various interpretations in later Jewish and Christian writings, often used as a cautionary tale about the dangers of avarice and disobedience to divine will.

4. Summary

The figure of Βαλαάμ (Balaam) is a complex character in Biblical lore, serving as both a cautionary figure and a paradoxical prophet. His story serves as a bridge between divine intent and human frailty, highlighting the interplay between divine providence and human desires. Balaam’s narrative teaches about the sovereignty of God’s will and the moral complexities faced by those who are called to speak on behalf of the divine. His legacy in theological discussions underscores the enduring intrigue and moral lessons derived from his actions and choices.