Strong’s G5019: A significant Hellenistic city in Cilicia, Tarsus (Ταρσός) was renowned as a cultural and educational center, combining Greek learning with Jewish tradition. As the birthplace of the Apostle Paul, it symbolizes the intersection of Hellenistic culture and Biblical faith.

U- Unveiling the Word

Ταρσός was more than just a geographical location – it was a pivotal crossroads of ancient civilization that profoundly shaped the early Christian movement through its most influential apostle. As the birthplace of Paul, Tarsus represented the perfect fusion of Hellenistic culture, Roman citizenship, and Jewish scholarship. The city’s renowned university rivaled those of Athens and Alexandria, exposing its citizens to the finest philosophical and rhetorical traditions. This cosmopolitan environment equipped Paul with the intellectual tools and cultural understanding necessary to effectively communicate the gospel to both Jews and Gentiles. Today, Tarsus reminds us how the Lord sovereignly positions His servants in specific cultural contexts to advance His kingdom purposes.

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N – Necessary Information

• Greek Word: Ταρσός, Tarsos, /tar-sos/
• Detailed Pronunciation: TAR (as in “target”) – sos (as in “moss”)
• Part of Speech: Proper Noun

Etymology:

• Derived from the ancient name “Tarzi” or “Tarsos”
• Possibly related to the Hittite word “Tarsa” meaning “donkey”
• The name may also relate to the Tarsos River that flowed through the city

D – Defining Meanings

• Primary city of Cilicia
• Major cultural and educational center
• Strategic commercial port city

For compound words: Not applicable as this is a proper noun

Translation Options:

• Tarsus – Most common English rendering
• Tarsos – Direct transliteration
• City of Tarsus – Contextual clarification

E – Exploring Similar Words

• Κιλικία (Kilikia) /kee-lee-KEE-ah/ – The region containing Tarsus
  See G2791
• Ἀντιόχεια (Antiocheia) /an-tee-OCH-ei-ah/ – Another significant city in Paul’s ministry
  See G490

R – Reviewing the Word’s Morphology

As a proper noun, Ταρσός follows these morphological patterns:

• Case: Nominative, Genitive (Ταρσοῦ), Dative (Ταρσῷ), Accusative (Ταρσόν)
• Number: Singular
• Gender: Feminine
• Declension: Second declension

These variations appear when describing movement to, from, or location in Tarsus.

S – Studying Lexicon Insights

Lexical sources unanimously emphasize Tarsus’s significance as a major Hellenistic city. BDAG highlights its status as the metropolis of Cilicia, while Thayer’s emphasizes its commercial importance. LSJ provides additional context about its cultural significance, noting its reputation as a center of learning. Moulton and Milligan cite documentary evidence showing Tarsus’s prominence in trade networks. Vine’s connects the city’s intellectual heritage to Paul’s ministry preparation. Strong’s emphasizes its strategic location, while LEH notes its historical significance dating back to pre-Roman periods. The city’s unique position as a melting pot of cultures made it an ideal launching point for the gospel’s expansion.

T – Tracing the Scriptures

First appearance:
Acts 9:30: “When the believers learned of this, they took him down to Caesarea and sent him off to Tarsus.”

Additional References:
Acts 11:25, Acts 21:39, Acts 22:3

A – Analyzing Classical Usage

N – Noteworthy Summary

Ταρσός represents more than just a geographical location in the New Testament narrative – it symbolizes the Lord’s sovereign preparation of Paul for his unique ministry. As a center of Hellenistic learning and culture, yet maintaining strong Jewish connections, Tarsus provided the perfect environment for shaping the apostle who would bridge the gap between Jewish and Gentile believers. This reminds us that the good news of King Jesus transcends cultural boundaries, using human learning and wisdom in service of divine truth.

D – Did You Know?

1. Tarsus was known for producing a unique type of waterproof cloth called cilicium
2. The city had one of the ancient world’s earliest universities
3. Roman generals Mark Antony and Julius Caesar both visited Tarsus

Strong’s G5019: A significant Hellenistic city in Cilicia, Tarsus (Ταρσός) was renowned as a cultural and educational center, combining Greek learning with Jewish tradition. As the birthplace of the Apostle Paul, it symbolizes the intersection of Hellenistic culture and Biblical faith.

Part of speech: Proper Noun

Tags: cities, paul, missions, education, culture, cilicia, apostles, geography, roman-empire, hellenistic-culture, jewish-diaspora​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​