Understanding Ἀντίπας (Antipas) Strong’s G493: The Faithful Witness and Martyr in Pergamum

Pronunciation Guide: an-TEE-pas

Basic Definition

Strong’s G493: Ἀντίπας (Antipas) is a Greek personal name mentioned only once in Scripture as a faithful martyr of the early church who was killed in Pergamum. The name itself carries the meaning of “against all” or “instead of the father,” potentially symbolizing one who stands firm against opposition. Antipas is specifically commended by the Messiah Jesus in the book of Revelation as “My faithful witness.”

Etymology and Morphology

• Personal name (proper noun)
• Derived from ἀντί (anti, “against” or “instead of”) + πᾶς (pas, “all”) or possibly πατήρ (patēr, “father”)
• Appears only in narrative sections within apocalyptic literature
• Indeclinable in its biblical usage
• Hebraic background in martyrdom theology

Ἀντίπας Morphology:

• Ἀντίπας (nominative singular) – Antipas (as subject)
• Ἀντίπα (vocative singular) – O Antipas (in direct address)
• Ἀντίπα (genitive singular) – of Antipas (showing possession)
• Ἀντίπᾳ (dative singular) – to/for Antipas (indirect object)
• Ἀντίπαν (accusative singular) – Antipas (as direct object)

Origin & History

The name Ἀντίπας (Antipas) has Hellenistic origins, likely deriving from the compound of ἀντί (anti, “against” or “in place of”) and either πᾶς (pas, “all”) or shortened from πατήρ (patēr, “father”). The latter interpretation would give the meaning “in place of his father,” a naming pattern common in Hellenistic culture. This is evidenced in historical figures like Herod Antipas, who was named “in place of his father” (Herod the Great).

In non-biblical Greek literature, the name appears infrequently, but gained some prominence through the Herodian dynasty. The Septuagint does not contain this name, as it is a name from the post-exilic Hellenistic period. Church father Tertullian (in “Scorpiace” 12) mentions Antipas as an example of Christian faithfulness under persecution, while Eusebius in his “Ecclesiastical History” (4.15) preserves traditions about Antipas’ martyrdom, describing him as Bishop of Pergamum who was roasted alive in a bronze bull during the reign of Emperor Domitian.

Expanded Definitions & Translation Options

• A proper name meaning “against all” or “instead of father,” symbolizing opposition to prevailing cultural forces
• A faithful witness or martyr for the Messiah
• A historical figure from the early church in Pergamum
• A symbolic representation of steadfast faith amid persecution

Ἀντίπας Translation Options:

• “Antipas” – Direct transliteration, maintaining the personal name as is, appropriate when emphasizing the historical identity of this individual
• “Against All” – Etymological translation capturing the possible meaning of standing against opposition, useful when emphasizing the symbolic significance
• “Faithful Witness” – Contextual translation based on how Jesus describes him, appropriate in devotional contexts
• “Martyr” – Functional translation emphasizing his ultimate sacrifice, suitable when discussing the theology of martyrdom

Biblical Usage

Ἀντίπας appears only once in the entire New Testament, in Revelation 2:13, making it an exceedingly rare biblical name. Despite this singular mention, the context gives it profound significance. The Messiah Jesus addresses the church in Pergamum, acknowledging their difficult location “where Satan’s throne is” (likely referring to the altar of Zeus and the imperial cult), and commends their faithfulness even during severe persecution when Antipas was martyred.

The mention comes in a section where Jesus is both commending and rebuking the seven churches of Asia Minor. By specifically naming Antipas, the text elevates his example of faithfulness to a level worthy of divine recognition. This suggests that Antipas’ martyrdom was well-known among the early churches and served as a powerful testimony.

• “I know where you dwell, where Satan’s throne is. Yet you hold fast my name, and you did not deny my faith even in the days of Antipas [Ἀντίπας] my faithful witness, who was killed among you, where Satan dwells.” Revelation 2:13

Cultural Insights

Pergamum, the city where Antipas was martyred, was a center of pagan worship with temples to Zeus, Athena, Dionysus, and Asclepius (the god of healing). The city was also the first in Asia Minor to build a temple dedicated to emperor worship (to Augustus and Rome) in 29 BCE. The reference to “Satan’s throne” in the text may refer specifically to the massive altar of Zeus that dominated the acropolis of Pergamum, an imposing structure featuring a 400-foot frieze depicting the battle between gods and giants. This altar, with its serpentine imagery, would have been a potent symbol of spiritual opposition to early Christians.

The cultural context of imperial cult worship created an environment where refusing to offer incense to the emperor as a god was considered treason. Christians like Antipas would have faced enormous social pressure, economic sanctions, and ultimately the threat of death for their refusal to participate in these civic religious ceremonies. Archaeological evidence from Pergamum reveals an unusually high concentration of butcher shops, suggesting extensive sacrificial practices that would have created additional conflicts for Christians attempting to avoid meat offered to idols.

Theological Significance

The theological significance of Antipas lies in his classification as a “faithful witness” (μάρτυς πιστός, martys pistos) – the exact same designation that Jesus gives Himself in Revelation 1:5. This parallel creates a profound theological connection between the martyrdom of believers and the sacrificial death of the Messiah. Just as Jesus remained faithful unto death, so Antipas followed in his Master’s footsteps, embodying the ultimate expression of discipleship.

The specific mention of Antipas serves as a powerful reminder that יהוה (Yahweh) knows His faithful ones by name. In a book filled with cosmic imagery and sweeping historical movements, this personal reference underscores the intimate divine knowledge of each believer’s suffering and sacrifice. It demonstrates that no faithful act goes unnoticed by the God who sees, and that those who remain steadfast in their testimony (μαρτυρία, martyria) to Jesus, even unto death, receive special commendation in the heavenly realms.

Moreover, the positioning of Antipas’ story within the seven letters to the churches provides a stark contrast between those who compromise with pagan culture (as some in Pergamum were doing) and those who maintain their witness regardless of consequence. This creates a theology of faithful resistance in the face of overwhelming cultural and political pressure—a theme that would resonate powerfully with persecuted believers throughout church history.

Personal Application

When we encounter Antipas in Scripture, we are confronted with an example of extraordinary commitment. In our contemporary world of religious freedom (in many countries) and comfortable Christianity, his witness challenges us to examine the depth of our own faithfulness. Would we remain steadfast if our faith cost us our livelihood, social standing, or even our lives? The single verse mentioning Antipas invites us to consider what it means to be a “faithful witness” in our own contexts.

This reflection doesn’t necessarily call us to martyrdom in the literal sense, but rather to the daily dying to self and standing firm in our testimony of the Messiah. When we face subtle pressures to compromise our convictions—whether in workplace ethics, moral choices, or public acknowledgment of our faith—we can draw inspiration from Antipas who refused to bend even under the ultimate pressure. His example reminds us that our witness matters, that the Lord knows our struggles by name, and that faithfulness in seemingly small matters prepares us for greater tests when they come.

Related Words

• μάρτυς (martys, “witness”) – The word used to describe Antipas, originally meaning “witness” but eventually becoming associated with those who died for their faith, giving us our English word “martyr.” Antipas exemplifies the transition of this term from simply “one who testifies” to “one who dies for their testimony.” See G3144
• πιστός (pistos, “faithful”) – The adjective describing Antipas, indicating unwavering loyalty and trustworthiness. While Antipas demonstrates this quality unto death, all believers are called to cultivate this characteristic in their walk with the Messiah. See G4103
• ὑπομονή (hypomonē, “endurance”) – Though not directly used of Antipas, this concept of steadfast endurance under trial characterizes his response to persecution, exemplifying the patient endurance praised throughout Revelation. See G5281
• νικάω (nikaō, “overcome”) – The promise to those who remain faithful like Antipas is that they will “overcome” or be “victorious,” showing that martyrdom, paradoxically, is not defeat but victory in the Kingdom perspective. See G3528
• θλῖψις (thlipsis, “tribulation”) – The circumstance Antipas faced, representing pressure and affliction that comes from opposition to faith. Believers throughout the ages have encountered various levels of this tribulation. See G2347

Did you Know?

• Did you know that the city of Pergamum, where Antipas was martyred, was famous throughout the ancient world for its library of over 200,000 volumes, second only to Alexandria? The city was so renowned for scholarship that the word “parchment” derives from “Pergamum,” as the city developed improved writing material when Egypt cut off its papyrus supply. This intellectual environment would have made Antipas’ uncompromising faith all the more remarkable, standing firm amidst sophisticated philosophical opposition.
• Did you know that early church tradition holds that Antipas was martyred by being placed inside a bronze bull that was then heated until it was red-hot? This particularly cruel method of execution was designed not only to kill but to terrorize other believers. The bull was designed with acoustic properties so that the victim’s screams would sound like the bellowing of a bull as they emerged from the statue’s mouth, creating a macabre spectacle for onlookers. If this tradition is accurate, it reveals the extreme lengths to which Roman authorities would go to dissuade Christians from following Antipas’ example of faith.
• Did you know that the name Antipas experienced a revival during the Protestant Reformation, when many believers read Revelation with fresh eyes and were inspired by the example of this ancient martyr? Several notable Anabaptist leaders adopted or gave their children the name Antipas as a statement of their willingness to stand “against all” compromises with state-controlled religion. This demonstrates how a single biblical mention can exert profound influence across centuries, inspiring believers to similar faithfulness in new contexts of persecution.

Remember This

Antipas stands as an eternal reminder that the Messiah knows each faithful witness by name, and that no sacrifice for the Kingdom—however hidden from human history—escapes the notice or commendation of our Lord.