G3863:

Brief Overview of παραζηλόω (Strong’s G3863: parazēlóō)

Unveiling the Word

The Greek verb παραζηλόω (parazēlóō) translates to “to provoke” or “to stir up jealousy.” It is derived from the prefix παρά (pará), meaning “beside” or “alongside,” and ζήλος (zēlos), which means “zeal” or “jealousy.” The significance of this word is particularly relevant in the context of relationships and motivations, especially in theological discussions about human emotions and behaviors. In Romans 10:19, Paul uses the term to describe how the Gentiles’ acceptance of the Gospel would provoke jealousy in Israel, illustrating the dynamics of divine revelation and human response. The concept of provoking jealousy can evoke both positive and negative connotations, depending on the context in which it is used.

Necessary Information

Greek Word: παραζηλόω (parazēlóō) [pah-rah-zee-LOH-oh]

Etymology: The word combines παρά (pará), indicating proximity or addition, with ζήλος (zēlos), which denotes fervor or envy. Together, they express the idea of inciting jealousy or zeal in a significant manner.

Part of Speech: Verb. παραζηλόω is a regular verb and follows standard conjugation patterns for Greek verbs, primarily appearing in the present tense.

The F.O.G Word Choice: Coming Soon.

Defining Meanings

To provoke jealousy: The primary meaning refers to inciting feelings of jealousy or envy in someone else, often in a relational or competitive context.

To stir up zeal: This meaning can also indicate provoking enthusiasm or fervor, although typically in a context that may lead to rivalry or competition.

To incite rivalry: It can imply creating a competitive atmosphere where one party feels challenged or motivated to respond in a particular way.

Exploring Similar Words

ζηλόω (zēlóō) [zee-LOH-oh]: This verb means “to be zealous” or “to desire earnestly.” While related to the idea of zeal, it does not carry the connotation of provoking someone else’s jealousy.

παρακαλέω (parakaleō) [pah-rah-kah-LEH-oh]: Meaning “to call alongside” or “to encourage,” this verb emphasizes support rather than competition or rivalry.

ἀνταγωνιστής (antagōnistēs) [an-tah-goh-nis-TAYS]: This term means “opponent” or “rival,” focusing more on the aspect of competition without the specific emotional provocation implied by παραζηλόω.

Reviewing the Word’s Morphology

For Verbs:

Tense, Voice, Mood: παραζηλόω is primarily found in the present tense, indicative mood, and active voice.

Person and Number: Examples of conjugation include:

• 1st person singular: παραζηλῶ (I provoke jealousy)

• 2nd person singular: παραζηλεῖς (You provoke jealousy)

• 3rd person singular: παραζηλεῖ (He/She/It provokes jealousy)

Aspect: The verb typically reflects an imperfective aspect, emphasizing the ongoing nature of provoking jealousy rather than a completed action.

Studying Lexicon Insights

In various Greek lexicons, παραζηλόω is understood within both biblical and classical contexts. BDAG emphasizes its use in discussions about the dynamics of relationships and the emotional responses elicited by divine actions. Thayer’s notes its relevance in Paul’s writings, particularly regarding the relationship between Jews and Gentiles in the context of the Gospel. LSJ highlights its application in classical literature, where jealousy and rivalry are frequently depicted in personal and social interactions. Vine’s connects it to themes of competition in the faith community, illustrating how jealousy can be both a motivator and a challenge. Strong’s reiterates its importance in understanding the interplay of emotions in relationships, especially in the theological context of salvation and grace. LEH and Moulton and Milligan further elaborate on its cultural significance, indicating how provocation can affect communal dynamics.

This overview synthesizes insights from BDAG, Thayer’s, LSJ, Vine’s, Strong’s, LEH, and Moulton and Milligan.

Tracing Related Scriptures

Romans 10:19: “But I ask, did Israel not understand? First Moses says, ‘I will make you jealous (παραζηλόω) of those who are not a nation; with a foolish nation, I will make you angry.’”

Deuteronomy 32:21: “They have made me jealous with what is no god; they have provoked me to anger with their idols. So I will make them jealous with those who are no people; I will provoke them to anger with a foolish nation.” (παραζηλόω)

1 Corinthians 12:31: “But earnestly desire the higher gifts. And I will show you a still more excellent way.” (ζηλόω)

Analyzing Classical Usage

In classical literature, παραζηλόω is often used to signify the emotional and relational dynamics that can arise in competitive contexts.

Plato, Republic: “The philosopher’s desire for wisdom can provoke (παραζηλόω) jealousy among those who are content with ignorance.”

Aristotle, Rhetoric: “In debates, one must be cautious not to incite (παραζηλόω) envy among the audience, as it can cloud their judgment.”

Xenophon, Memorabilia: “Socrates observed that the pursuit of virtue often provokes (παραζηλόω) rivalry among those who seek honor.”

In the Septuagint, similar themes can be observed.

Septuagint Example 1: Exodus 20:5: “You shall not bow down to them or serve them, for I the Lord your God am a jealous (παραζηλόω) God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers on the children.”

Septuagint Example 2: Deuteronomy 4:24: “For the Lord your God is a consuming fire, a jealous (παραζηλόω) God.”

Septuagint Example 3: Zephaniah 3:8: “Therefore wait for me, declares the Lord, for the day when I rise up to seize the prey; for my decision is to gather nations, to assemble kingdoms, to pour out upon them my indignation, all my burning anger; for in the fire of my jealousy (παραζηλόω) all the earth shall be consumed.”

Noteworthy Summary

The verb παραζηλόω plays a significant role in understanding the dynamics of jealousy and competition, particularly in religious and philosophical discussions. Its usage in the New Testament highlights the interplay between divine action and human emotion, illustrating how the Gospel provokes a response that can lead to rivalry and reflection.

Did You Know?

The concept of provoking jealousy is not just a negative emotion; it can also serve as a catalyst for growth and deeper understanding in relationships and faith.

In Romans, Paul uses the idea of provoking jealousy to illustrate how Gentile acceptance of the Gospel challenges the Jewish community to reconsider their position.

The dynamic of jealousy, as portrayed through παραζηλόω, reflects the complexities of human emotions and how they intersect with divine purposes and actions.

Strong’s G3863: παραζηλόω (parazēlóō) means “to provoke” or “to stir up jealousy,” highlighting the relational dynamics of envy and rivalry, particularly in the context of faith and divine revelation.

Part of Speech: Verb

Tags: Greek, New Testament, biblical studies, theology, language, vocabulary, word study, provoke, jealousy, rivalry