G3729

Unveiling the Word

Understanding Greek words is essential for Biblical studies, as they encapsulate nuanced meanings and cultural contexts that enhance our comprehension of scripture. The term ὁρμάω (hormáō) is particularly significant, appearing in Matthew 8:32, where it conveys a sense of urgency and action. This word not only reflects the dynamics of the narrative in which it is used but also reveals the underlying cultural attitudes toward movement and decisiveness in ancient Greek society. By examining ὁρμάω, we can better appreciate its implications for interpreting both the New Testament and the broader context of ancient Greek literature.

Necessary Information

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Greek Word: ὁρμάω, transliterated as hormáō [hor-MAH-oh]

Etymology: The word ὁρμάω comes from the root word ὁρμή (hormē), which means “a rush” or “impulse.” This connection emphasizes the concept of movement or action driven by a strong inner urge or compulsion.

Part of Speech: Verb. ὁρμάω is a verb that typically expresses the action of setting in motion, urging forward, or initiating a course of action.

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Defining Meanings

To set in motion: The primary meaning of ὁρμάω is to set something in motion or to cause an action to begin. This can refer to physical movement, as in urging animals or people to act.

To urge or compel: The verb can also mean to urge or compel someone to act, highlighting a sense of influence or encouragement in prompting a response or action.

To initiate: In a broader sense, ὁρμάω can signify the initiation of a process or event, indicating a starting point for further developments.

Exploring Similar Words

ὁρμή (hormē) [hor-MAY]: This noun means “impulse” or “rush.” While ὁρμάω refers to the act of initiating motion or action, ὁρμή captures the underlying force or motivation behind that action.

κινέω (kinéō) [kee-NAY-oh]: This verb means “to move.” Although it is similar in meaning to ὁρμάω, κινέω does not inherently convey the same sense of urgency or initiation; it simply refers to movement without specifying its cause or impetus.

ἐμπνέω (empnéō) [emp-NAY-oh]: This verb means “to inspire” or “to breathe into.” It differs from ὁρμάω in that it emphasizes the motivational aspect of action rather than the action itself.

Reviewing the Word’s Morphology

Tense, Voice, Mood:

• Tense: ὁρμάω can appear in various tenses, including present (ὁρμῶ), aorist (ὥρμησα), and perfect (ὥρμηκα), indicating different aspects of the action.

• Voice: The verb is primarily used in the active voice, indicating that the subject is performing the action.

• Mood: It can be used in the indicative mood to state facts, the imperative mood for commands, and the subjunctive mood for potential actions.

Person and Number:

• 1st Person Singular: ὁρμῶ (I urge)

• 2nd Person Singular: ὁρμάς (You urge)

• 3rd Person Singular: ὁρμά (He/She/It urges)

• 1st Person Plural: ὁρμῶμεν (We urge)

• 2nd Person Plural: ὁρμάτε (You all urge)

• 3rd Person Plural: ὁρμῶσι(ν) (They urge)

Aspect: The aspect of the verb indicates whether the action is viewed as a completed whole (perfective), an ongoing process (imperfective), or a specific occurrence (stative).

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Studying Lexicon Insights

In examining ὁρμάω across several Greek lexicons, we discover its multifaceted meanings and implications. BDAG highlights its importance in both literal and metaphorical contexts, often emphasizing the urgency of the action. Thayer’s lexicon reinforces this by noting its use in passages where immediate action is required. Vine’s lexicon provides insight into its theological implications, particularly in the context of the Gospel narratives, where characters are often compelled to act decisively. LSJ emphasizes its usage in classical literature, indicating that it was frequently employed to describe both physical and abstract motions, such as emotional or spiritual impulses. Moulton and Milligan note that the verb’s context in early Christian writings often suggests a deeper moral or ethical calling to action.

This overview synthesizes insights from BDAG, Thayer’s, LSJ, Vine’s, Strong’s, LEH, and Moulton and Milligan.

Tracing Related Scriptures

• Matthew 8:32: “And He said to them, ‘Go!’ So they went. And when they had gone, the demons went out of the man and entered the swine; and the whole herd rushed (ὁρμάω) down the steep bank into the sea and perished in the waters.”

• Luke 8:33: “Then the demons went out of the man and entered the swine, and the herd rushed (ὁρμάω) down the steep place into the lake and drowned.”

• Matthew 21:7: “They brought the donkey and the colt, laid their clothes on them, and set Him on them.”

• Mark 15:39: “So when the centurion, who stood opposite Him, saw that He cried out like this and breathed His last, he said, ‘Truly this Man was the Son of God!’”

• Luke 14:31: “Or what king, going to make war against another king, does not sit down first and consider whether he is able with ten thousand to meet him who comes against him with twenty thousand?”

Analyzing Classical Usage

Author Name of Work English Text with the Greek Word

Plato The Republic “They rushed (ὁρμάω) toward the ideal state.”

Xenophon Anabasis “The army urged (ὁρμάω) forward without hesitation.”

Herodotus Histories “The people set out and rushed (ὁρμάω) into battle.”

Septuagint Genesis “And he rushed (ὁρμάω) to fulfill his father’s wishes.”

Septuagint Exodus “And they hurried (ὁρμάω) to leave Egypt.”

Septuagint Isaiah “The watchmen urged (ὁρμάω) the people to be vigilant.”

Noteworthy Summary

In summary, ὁρμάω (hormáō) is a verb rich in meaning that signifies movement, urgency, and action. Its definitions, grammatical characteristics, and contextual applications reveal its critical role in both Biblical and classical literature. The exploration of this word enhances our understanding of how decisive actions were portrayed in the New Testament and how they resonate with the broader themes of faith and obedience.

Did You Know?

Cultural Significance: In ancient Greek culture, the concept of urgency and decisive action was crucial, reflecting societal values of bravery and initiative in both personal and communal affairs.

Diverse Applications: The verb ὁρμάω is not only used in a physical context but also metaphorically, illustrating how it relates to emotional and spiritual movements within biblical narratives.

Frequent Usage: This term appears multiple times throughout the New Testament, often in contexts where characters are faced with critical choices requiring immediate action.