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ἀλώπηξ (alōpēx) is a Greek noun meaning “fox.” It is used in the New Testament to denote the animal and, metaphorically, can represent someone cunning or crafty. The term carries both literal and figurative connotations:

1. Literal Meaning:

• Fox: Refers to the small, wild carnivorous animal known for its cunning nature.

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1. Metaphorical Use:

• Cunning or Crafty Person: In biblical literature, especially in Jesus’ sayings, a “fox” symbolizes someone who is sly or deceitful.

Detailed Overview with Concordances

1. BDAG (A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature):

• BDAG defines ἀλώπηξ as “fox” and notes its appearance in Luke 13:32. The lexicon explains that in this context, the term is used metaphorically to describe Herod Antipas as crafty or deceitful. BDAG also discusses the connotations of the animal in both ancient Greek literature and biblical texts.

2. LSJ (Liddell-Scott-Jones Greek-English Lexicon):

• LSJ provides a definition of ἀλώπηξ as “fox,” including its use in various Greek texts. The lexicon highlights its literal meaning and also mentions its symbolic use in literature to indicate cunning or craftiness.

3. Thayer’s Greek Lexicon:

• Thayer defines ἀλώπηξ as “a fox,” providing an explanation of its metaphorical use in the New Testament. Thayer notes that in Luke 13:32, the term is used to describe Herod’s deceitful nature and is symbolic of someone who is sly or treacherous.

4. Strong’s Concordance:

• Strong’s Concordance defines ἀλώπηξ simply as “fox.” It provides a reference to its use in Luke 13:32, where Jesus uses the term to describe Herod, reflecting the metaphorical sense of cunning or craftiness.

Summary:
ἀλώπηξ refers to a “fox,” both as a literal animal and a metaphor for cunning or deceitfulness. In the New Testament, particularly in Luke 13:32, the term is used metaphorically to describe Herod Antipas as sly and crafty. BDAG, LSJ, Thayer, and Strong’s Concordance all highlight the term’s dual meanings and its symbolic use in biblical texts.