G2354

Introduction

Understanding Greek words is crucial for biblical studies, as it helps reveal the deeper meanings and emotional undertones of New Testament passages. The Greek word θρηνέω (thrēnéō) is particularly significant because it means “to lament,” “to wail,” or “to mourn.” This word appears in contexts of deep grief or mourning, often in response to loss, tragedy, or divine judgment. By examining θρηνέω, we can better understand the expressions of sorrow and mourning in biblical narratives and gain insight into the cultural and emotional practices of grief in ancient Greek society.

Key Information

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The Greek Word: θρηνέω (thrēnéō) [thray-NEH-oh]
Etymology: Derived from the Greek root θρῆνος (thrēnos), meaning “a lament” or “a dirge.” The verb θρηνέω refers specifically to the act of lamenting or mourning.
Part of Speech: Verb; used to describe the action of expressing grief, sorrow, or mourning, often in a public or ritualistic context.
Grammatical Details: Regular verb; conjugated to indicate different tenses, voices, and moods.
The F.O.G Word Choice: Coming Soon

Primary Meanings

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To lament: To express deep sorrow or mourning, often with cries or wails.
To wail: To utter a long, loud, high-pitched cry of grief, pain, or despair.
To mourn: To feel or show deep sorrow or regret, especially for someone who has died.

Similar Words: κλαίω (klaió) [KLY-oh] is another Greek verb meaning “to weep” or “to cry.” While κλαίω focuses on the act of shedding tears, θρηνέω encompasses a broader expression of lamentation that includes wailing and public mourning. Another related word is οἰκτρίζω (oiktrízō) [oy-KTREE-zoh], meaning “to bewail” or “to express pity.” While οἰκτρίζω implies feeling pity or compassion, θρηνέω emphasizes the vocal expression of grief or mourning.

Further Insights: As a verb, θρηνέω follows a common conjugation pattern in Greek grammar. Below is a table with the present indicative active form of θρηνέω:

Person	Singular	Plural
1st	θρηνέω	θρηνοῦμεν
2nd	θρηνεῖς	θρηνεῖτε
3rd	θρηνεῖ	θρηνοῦσι(ν)

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Lexicon Insights

BDAG: θρηνέω is defined as “to lament, to mourn loudly.” BDAG emphasizes its use in contexts where people publicly express deep grief or sorrow, often in response to death, tragedy, or disaster.
Thayer’s Lexicon: Thayer’s describes θρηνέω as “to mourn, to bewail,” focusing on its usage in passages that depict mourning rituals, such as funerals or moments of national tragedy. It highlights the word’s application in expressing the communal grief of a group or society.
Vine’s Expository Dictionary: Vine’s discusses θρηνέω in terms of its literal meaning “to lament” or “to wail.” The dictionary notes how this term is often used to convey a deep, visceral response to loss, not just privately but also in communal or ritualistic settings.
LSJ (Liddell-Scott-Jones): The LSJ lexicon provides a broad overview of θρηνέω, from its primary meaning of “to sing a dirge” or “to lament” in everyday contexts to more metaphorical uses in literature where it symbolizes mourning or regret over lost opportunities or tragic outcomes.
Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance: G2354. Strong’s defines θρηνέω as “to wail, to lament,” highlighting its frequent use in both Old and New Testament texts to describe acts of public mourning, wailing over the dead, or lamentation over calamities.

Related Scripture References

Matthew 11:17: “And saying, We have piped unto you, and ye have not danced; we have mourned (ἐθρηνήσαμεν) unto you, and ye have not lamented.”
Revelation 18:9: “And the kings of the earth, who have committed fornication and lived deliciously with her, shall bewail her, and lament (θρηνήσουσιν) for her, when they shall see the smoke of her burning.”
Revelation 18:11: “And the merchants of the earth shall weep and mourn (θρηνήσουσιν) over her; for no man buyeth their merchandise any more.”

Classical Usage

Author	Name of Work	English Text
Homer	Iliad	“And all the people raised a great lamentation (θρηνεῖν) over the fallen warrior.”
Euripides	Trojan Women	“The women gathered to mourn (θρηνοῦσιν) the destruction of their city.”
Sophocles	Antigone	“Antigone cried aloud, lamenting (θρηνῶσα) her fate as she went to her tomb.”
Septuagint – Jeremiah	Septuagint Translation	“For thus says the Lord: Weep not for the dead, neither mourn (θρηνεῖν) for him.”
Septuagint – Ezekiel	Septuagint Translation	“And they shall lament (θρηνήσουσιν) over her with a dirge, saying, How she is destroyed!”
Septuagint – Isaiah	Septuagint Translation	“In that day there shall be a great mourning (θρῆνος) in Jerusalem, like the mourning of Hadadrimmon.”

Summary of θρηνέω (G2354)

The Greek verb θρηνέω (thrēnéō) primarily means “to lament,” “to wail,” or “to mourn.” It is used to describe both individual and communal expressions of deep grief and sorrow, often in response to loss, tragedy, or significant events. In the New Testament and classical literature, θρηνέω is associated with public mourning practices, highlighting the cultural importance of expressing grief vocally and ritually. Understanding θρηνέω helps in interpreting biblical passages that focus on lamentation, grief, and the human response to divine judgment or loss, providing deeper insight into the emotional life of ancient societies.

Did You Know?

The word θρηνέω is often used in ancient Greek literature to describe not only mourning for the dead but also lamenting lost opportunities or failed endeavors. In the New Testament, θρηνέω carries a powerful emotional weight, reflecting both personal grief and communal sorrow, especially in apocalyptic contexts like the Book of Revelation. In these instances, the word underscores the profound impact of divine judgment and the response of humanity to the consequences of their actions. Understanding θρηνέω provides a rich perspective on how ancient cultures viewed mourning and its role in both personal and collective healing and reflection.