G2031

Introduction

In Biblical studies, understanding the meanings and nuances of Greek words can provide deeper insights into scriptural texts. The Greek word ἔπος (epos), meaning “word” or “saying,” is significant in interpreting both the New Testament and ancient Greek literature. While it appears sparingly in the New Testament, its roots run deep in classical Greek culture, where it often referred to epic poetry or authoritative statements. Understanding ἔπος helps readers grasp the weight of spoken or written words in ancient texts, both sacred and secular.

Key Information

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The Greek Word: ἔπος (epos) [EH-pos]
Etymology: Derived from the Proto-Indo-European root wekw-, meaning “to speak” or “to say.”
Part of Speech: Noun; neuter, with its grammatical declension following the third declension pattern.
The F.O.G Word Choice: Coming Soon.

Primary Meanings

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Word or Saying: A single word, utterance, or saying, particularly one that is weighty or meaningful.
Epic Poetry: Used to describe a line or verse of epic poetry; often refers to the tradition of Homeric epics.
Statement or Command: Can denote an authoritative statement, command, or pronouncement.

Similar Words: λόγος (logos) [LOH-gos], meaning “word,” “reason,” or “discourse.” While λόγος is more commonly used in the New Testament to convey ideas of divine logic, reason, or doctrine, ἔπος is more poetic and is often tied to the spoken tradition, particularly in epic or formal settings.

Further Insights: ἔπος is a neuter noun in Greek that belongs to the third declension, which affects its endings in different cases. It is relatively rare in the New Testament, highlighting its unique literary flavor. Here is a declension chart for ἔπος:

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	ἔπος	ἔπη
Genitive	ἔπους	ἐπῶν
Dative	ἔπει	ἔπεσι(ν)
Accusative	ἔπος	ἔπη
Vocative	ἔπος	ἔπη

Click here for a beginner’s guide to reading Greek: Understanding Greek Grammar: A Beginner’s Guide.

Lexicon Insights

BDAG:
Defines epos as a “word, saying, or command,” with an emphasis on its use in formal speech or poetry. BDAG highlights its use in contexts that convey weighty or memorable utterances, often in the form of proverbs or epic verses.

Thayer’s Lexicon:
Explains epos as “a word” or “a single utterance,” distinguishing it from the more commonly used logos. Thayer notes that it is more poetic and formal, suggesting that its use is intentional when conveying solemn or epic tones.

Vine’s Expository Dictionary:
Refers to epos as “a word or saying,” particularly when used to express a concept in epic poetry or high-stakes dialogue. Vine’s highlights the distinctiveness of epos in comparison to more general terms for speech in the New Testament.

LSJ (Liddell-Scott-Jones):
Provides a broad definition of epos as “word, saying, line of verse,” elaborating on its classical roots in epic literature. LSJ mentions that it is often used to denote a line from Homeric poetry, indicating its strong connection to the tradition of storytelling and poetry.

Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance:
Describes epos as “a word, a saying,” with references to its usage in both sacred and secular contexts. Strong’s notes its limited appearance in the New Testament but highlights its relevance in classical literature and epic poetry.

Related Scripture References

Hebrews 7:9: “And, as I may so say, Levi also, who receives tithes, paid tithes in Abraham.” (Here, “as I may so say” uses the Greek word ἔπος [epos] to signify a saying or statement.)

Classical Usage

Author	Name of Work	English Text
Homer	Iliad	“Sing, O goddess, the anger of Peleus’ son Achilles, that brought countless woes (ἔπεα) upon the Achaeans.”
Hesiod	Works and Days	“Hear from me, Perses, my son, the words (ἔπεα) which I say.”
Herodotus	Histories	“The words (ἔπεα) of the oracles were spoken plainly to them, and yet they understood them not.”
Septuagint	Proverbs 16:1 (LXX)	“The preparations of the heart in man, and the answer of the tongue, is from the LORD (ἔπος).”
Septuagint	Psalm 55:21 (LXX)	“His words (ἔπη) were softer than oil, yet they were drawn swords.”
Septuagint	Ecclesiastes 12:11 (LXX)	“The words (ἔπεα) of the wise are like goads, and like nails firmly fixed are the collected sayings.”

Summary of ἔπος (G2031: epos)

The Greek word ἔπος (epos), meaning “word” or “saying,” provides a distinct flavor of expression within both Biblical and classical Greek contexts. While it does not appear frequently in the New Testament, its use carries a sense of gravitas, often associated with epic poetry or authoritative speech. In classical literature, ἔπος is deeply rooted in the tradition of Homer and other epic poets, where it signifies a single line of verse or a solemn pronouncement. Understanding ἔπος enriches our comprehension of how ancient cultures valued the power of words, whether in poetry, prophecy, or daily discourse.

Did You Know?

Did you know that the term ἔπος (epos) is the root for the English word “epic”? In ancient Greece, ἔπος was often used to refer to the poetic lines in epic narratives like Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey. These works were foundational to Greek education and culture, and the word ἔπος came to signify not just any word, but a word of great significance, often carrying the weight of fate, divine will, or heroic action.