Introduction

Understanding Greek words is essential for delving deeper into Biblical texts and their original meanings. The word ἐπιθυμία (epithymía), Strong’s G1939, is particularly significant because it conveys the concept of desire, longing, or craving. This term is crucial for New Testament interpretation, especially in discussions about human desires and their ethical and moral implications. It appears frequently in the context of both good and evil desires, reflecting the nuanced view of desire in ancient Greek culture, where it was a subject of philosophical debate concerning ethics, self-control, and virtue.

Key Information

• The Greek Word: ἐπιθυμία (epithymía) [eh-pee-thoo-MEE-ah]
• Etymology root words and their meanings: From ἐπιθυμέω (epithyméō, “to desire, long for”) and θυμός (thymós, “passion, strong feeling”), meaning “a desire upon” or “a longing for.”
• Part of Speech: Noun, feminine. This word follows the first declension pattern in Greek grammar.
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Primary Meanings

• Desire or longing for something.
• Lust or covetousness, often with a negative connotation.
• A strong craving or intense passion for something, whether good or bad.

Similar Words: Related Greek words include πόθος (póthos) [PO-thos], meaning “yearning” or “longing,” and ὄρεξις (órexis) [O-rek-sis], meaning “appetite” or “desire.” While πόθος denotes a deep, often nostalgic yearning or wish for something, ἐπιθυμία (epithymía) focuses on a more immediate and intense craving or longing, often with an ethical dimension. ὄρεξις, on the other hand, refers to a natural or physical appetite, such as hunger or thirst, without necessarily implying any moral judgment.

Further Insights: The noun ἐπιθυμία is derived from the verb ἐπιθυμέω (epithyméō), which means “to desire” or “to long for.” The suffix -ία (-ia) forms abstract nouns, indicating a quality or state. This word can describe both positive and negative desires depending on its context. In positive contexts, it can refer to a strong desire for spiritual growth or righteousness. In negative contexts, it frequently refers to sinful desires or lusts that lead one away from God’s will. Its dual nature reflects the complexity of human desire as understood in both Greek philosophy and Biblical teachings.
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Lexicon Insights

• BDAG: Describes ἐπιθυμία as “desire, longing, craving,” and often implies “lust” or “covetousness,” especially in contexts where there is a moral or ethical implication. It emphasizes the strength of the desire, whether it is directed toward good or evil.
• Thayers: Notes that ἐπιθυμία refers to “desire” or “longing,” and is frequently used in a negative sense as “lust” or “sinful longing.” It can also mean an earnest longing for what is forbidden.
• Vines: Highlights that ἐπιθυμία implies “a strong desire or lust,” which can be either positive or negative depending on its use. It is often used in New Testament contexts to emphasize the need for controlling sinful desires.
• LSJ: In classical Greek literature, ἐπιθυμία is noted to mean “desire” or “appetite,” with a focus on intense or passionate feelings. It can be used in philosophical discussions about the role of desire in ethical decision-making and self-control.
• Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance: Describes it as “desire, longing,” or “concupiscence,” typically implying a strong desire, whether it be for something good or something forbidden. It is often used in contexts that explore the moral implications of human desires.

Related Scripture References

• James 1:14-15: “But each one is tempted when he is drawn away by his own desires (ἐπιθυμίας) and enticed. Then, when desire (ἐπιθυμία) has conceived, it gives birth to sin; and sin, when it is full-grown, brings forth death.”
• Romans 6:12: “Therefore do not let sin reign in your mortal body, that you should obey it in its lusts (ἐπιθυμίαις).”
• 1 Peter 2:11: “Beloved, I beg you as sojourners and pilgrims, abstain from fleshly lusts (ἐπιθυμιῶν) which war against the soul.”

Classical Usage

Summary of ἐπιθυμία (G1939)

The Greek word ἐπιθυμία (epithymía) is a noun meaning “desire,” “longing,” or “lust.” It is significant in both Biblical and classical Greek literature, where it describes a strong craving or intense passion for something, whether morally positive or negative. In the New Testament, it is frequently used to warn against sinful desires and to encourage believers to cultivate righteous longings instead. Its use in classical texts reflects its broader application in discussions about ethics, self-control, and the balance between human passions and virtue.

Did You Know?

In ancient Greek philosophy, the concept of desire (ἐπιθυμία) was a central theme in the study of ethics. Both Plato and Aristotle discussed the necessity of regulating desires to achieve a balanced and virtuous life. Plato, in particular, explored how unchecked desires could lead to tyranny within the soul, while Aristotle emphasized the importance of moderation (sophrosyne) in controlling ἐπιθυμία to live a morally upright life. This philosophical understanding of desire later influenced early Christian teachings on spiritual discipline and self-control.