Transliteration and Meaning:
The Greek word γογγυσμός (transliterated as gongysmos and pronounced as “gong-goos-mos”) is derived from the verb γογγύζω (gongyzō), which means “to murmur” or “to grumble.” The noun γογγυσμός refers specifically to the act of murmuring, grumbling, or complaining. It is typically used in a negative context to describe a low, muttered expression of dissatisfaction or discontent, often directed against authority or in response to challenging situations.

Lexical Insights and Biblical Usage:
In BDAG, γογγυσμός is defined as a muttering or murmuring that expresses dissatisfaction, particularly in a communal or religious context. This usage is in line with its appearance in the New Testament, where it is used to describe the grumbling of the Israelites in the wilderness as well as the complaints of people against Jesus. Thayer’s Lexicon echoes this definition, emphasizing that γογγυσμός often connotes an underlying tone of rebellion or resistance to leadership, whether divine or human.

The word γογγυσμός appears in several key New Testament passages. In John 7:12, the term is used to describe the murmuring of the crowds about Jesus, with some people expressing doubt and suspicion about him. In Acts 6:1, it is used to describe the complaints of the Hellenistic Jews against the Hebrews because their widows were being overlooked in the daily distribution of food. Another significant occurrence is in Philippians 2:14, where Paul admonishes believers to do all things without grumbling or disputing, indicating that such behavior is incompatible with a life lived in Christ.

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Usage in Classical Greek Literature:
The term γογγυσμός is not widely attested in classical Greek literature, but the verb γογγύζω from which it derives does appear. In classical contexts, the word is often associated with secretive or low-toned complaints, particularly within a group setting. For example, in the works of Aristophanes, the verb γογγύζω is used to describe the grumbling of characters who are dissatisfied with their circumstances or the actions of others. Similarly, in other Greek texts, the concept of murmuring or grumbling is used to describe the unrest of a group against perceived injustices or grievances.

Summary:
The word γογγυσμός (G1112), transliterated as gongysmos, refers to the act of murmuring, grumbling, or complaining, often in a context of dissatisfaction with authority or circumstances. Derived from the verb γογγύζω, this term carries a connotation of low, muttered discontent, frequently directed against leaders or in response to adversity. In the New Testament, γογγυσμός appears in contexts where individuals or groups express dissatisfaction, as seen in John 7:12, Acts 6:1, and Philippians 2:14. Although not extensively used in classical Greek literature, the root verb γογγύζω highlights the communal aspect of grumbling and its potential to disrupt harmony. The use of γογγυσμός in Scripture serves as a caution against the corrosive effects of complaining and underscores the call for believers to maintain a spirit of contentment and unity.