Transliteration and Meaning:
The Greek word Γαλιλαῖος (transliterated as Galilaios and pronounced gah-lee-LAI-os) refers to a person who is from the region of Galilee, thus, it is usually translated as “Galilean.” The term comes directly from Γαλιλαία (Galilaia, G1056), which is the Greek name for the region of Galilee. As an adjective, Galilaios describes someone who is a native or resident of Galilee. In the New Testament, the word often carries social and cultural connotations, as Galileans were sometimes viewed with suspicion or as less sophisticated by those from Judea.

Lexical Insights and Biblical Usage:
Galilaios appears multiple times in the New Testament, where it is used to identify individuals, particularly Jesus and His disciples, as being from Galilee. According to BDAG (Bauer, Danker, Arndt, and Gingrich), Galilaios is an adjective that describes an inhabitant of Galilee. This term is often associated with specific cultural characteristics attributed to Galileans, including their distinct accent, which is noted in the Gospels.

Thayer’s Greek Lexicon agrees with this definition, emphasizing that the term was used in a general sense to describe anyone from Galilee. However, it also highlights that being labeled a Galilean could carry certain negative connotations, especially in the context of the religious and social dynamics of the time.

Some key New Testament passages where Galilaios is used include:

• Matthew 26:69-73: Peter is identified as a Galilean by his accent, which leads to his denial of Jesus.
• Luke 23:5-7: When Pilate learns that Jesus is a Galilean, he sends Him to Herod, who was ruling over Galilee.
• Acts 2:7: During Pentecost, the onlookers are surprised to hear the apostles, who were Galileans, speaking in various languages.

Classical Greek Usage:
In classical Greek literature, the term Galilaios would be used similarly to describe inhabitants of the region of Galilee. While it does not frequently appear in Greek literature outside of the New Testament, it is found in historical and geographical texts that discuss the region of Galilee.

1. Josephus’ “The Jewish War”: Josephus, a Jewish historian writing in Greek, frequently refers to the people of Galilee as Galilaios, especially when discussing the social and political conflicts of the region.
2. Pliny the Elder’s “Natural History”: Pliny uses the term Galilaios when describing the geographical and cultural landscape of Palestine.
3. Philo of Alexandria’s “On the Embassy to Gaius”: Philo refers to Galileans when discussing the broader Jewish population in the context of Roman rule.

These examples illustrate how Galilaios was used in various contexts to describe individuals from Galilee, often carrying implications about their cultural and social identity.

Summary:
The term Γαλιλαῖος (Galilaios) refers to a person from Galilee and is commonly translated as “Galilean.” This word is derived from Γαλιλαία (Galilaia, G1056), the region of Galilee itself. In the New Testament, Galilaios is used to describe Jesus, His disciples, and others who hailed from this northern region of Israel. Lexicons such as BDAG and Thayer’s highlight that Galilaios was often used to denote someone’s geographical origin, with additional connotations related to the social perceptions of Galileans. While Galilaios is not as prevalent in classical Greek literature as other terms, it appears in works by authors such as Josephus and Philo, where it continues to denote an individual’s connection to Galilee. Understanding the use of Galilaios provides insight into the cultural and social dynamics at play during the time of the New Testament.