Transliteration and Meaning:
The Greek word Γαδαρηνός (transliterated as Gadarenos and pronounced gah-dah-ray-NOS) refers to an inhabitant of Gadara, a city located east of the Jordan River in the region known as Decapolis during the time of the New Testament. The root of this word comes from Gadara, the name of the city itself, combined with the suffix -enos, which indicates origin or belonging, thus translating to “a Gadarean” or “of Gadara.”

Lexical Insights and Biblical Usage:
Gadarenos is used in the New Testament in the context of identifying people from the region of Gadara. According to BDAG (Bauer, Danker, Arndt, and Gingrich), Gadarenos is a gentilic adjective used to denote someone from Gadara. Thayer’s Greek Lexicon agrees, further specifying that this term is primarily found in the Synoptic Gospels, particularly in the narrative where Jesus heals the demon-possessed man in the country of the Gadarenes.

One of the key biblical references for this term is found in Matthew 8:28: “When He had come to the other side, to the country of the Gadarenes, two demon-possessed men met Him, coming out of the tombs, exceedingly fierce, so that no one could pass that way.” This passage highlights the association of Gadara with a region outside the main Jewish territories, often inhabited by Gentiles and noted for its different cultural practices, including the keeping of pigs, which were considered unclean by Jewish law.

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Classical Greek Usage:
In classical Greek literature, Gadarenos is not widely used outside of biblical and early Christian texts. However, the city of Gadara was known in the ancient world and is referenced in the writings of historians like Josephus. Gadara was a prominent city in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, known for its strategic location, its intellectual community, and its production of luxury goods such as pottery and perfumes.

Examples of its mention include Josephus’ “The Jewish War,” where he describes the city as being well-fortified and influential in the region. Strabo, the Greek geographer, also notes Gadara as one of the cities of Decapolis, emphasizing its cultural significance in the broader Hellenistic world.

Summary:
The term Γαδαρηνός (Gadarenos) is a gentilic adjective that identifies someone as an inhabitant of Gadara, a city with significant historical and cultural importance in the region of Decapolis. Biblically, it is most notably used in the account of Jesus’ encounter with demon-possessed men in the territory of the Gadarenes, highlighting the city’s position on the margins of Jewish and Gentile worlds. While the term itself is not extensively used in classical Greek literature, the city of Gadara was recognized for its strategic and cultural influence in the ancient world. The word Gadarenos thus serves as both a geographical identifier and a cultural marker within the New Testament narrative.