Brief Overview of πνεῦμα (Strong’s G4151: pneuma)

Strong’s G4151: A fundamental Greek noun meaning “spirit, breath, or wind,” derived from πνέω (pneō, “to breathe/blow”). It represents both the divine Spirit and the human spirit, denoting the invisible, powerful force that gives life and movement. Central to biblical theology, particularly in discussions of the Holy Spirit, spiritual life, and the nature of God.

U- Unveiling the Word

Πνεῦμα carries profound theological weight in the New Testament, primarily denoting “spirit” but also meaning “breath” or “wind.” This semantic range beautifully captures the invisible yet powerful nature of spirit, whether divine or human. In theological contexts, it most notably refers to the Holy Spirit, the third person of the Trinity. The early church recognized πνεῦμα as central to understanding God’s nature and work, particularly in pneumatology (the study of the Holy Spirit). Today, this word remains crucial for understanding spiritual life, divine-human relationships, and the transformative power of God’s Spirit in believers’ lives.

N – Necessary Information

• Greek Word: πνεῦμα, pneuma, /pnyoo’-mah/
• Detailed Pronunciation: p (plosive) + n (nasal) + yoo (vowel) + mah (open syllable)
• Part of Speech: Noun

Etymology:

• Root: πνέ- (pne-) from πνέω (pneō), “to breathe/blow”
• Suffix: -μα (-ma), forming a noun indicating the result of an action
• Function: Creates a concrete noun from the verbal action, literally meaning “that which is breathed”

D – Defining Meanings

• Primary wind, breath, spirit
• Divine Spirit/Holy Spirit
• Human spirit/soul
• Supernatural being
• Life force/vital principle

Translation Options:

• Spirit – Best captures the divine/supernatural aspect
• Breath – Emphasizes the life-giving nature
• Wind – Highlights the invisible yet powerful force aspect

E – Exploring Similar Words

• ψυχή (psychē) /psoo-khay’/ – refers to the soul/life force – See G5590
• καρδία (kardia) /kar-dee’-ah/ – refers to the heart/inner person – See G2588
• νοῦς (nous) /noos/ – refers to the mind/understanding – See G3563

R – Reviewing the Word’s Morphology

• Case: Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative
• Number: Singular, Plural
• Gender: Neuter
• Declension: 3rd declension

The word follows regular neuter noun patterns:

• Nominative/Accusative: πνεῦμα
• Genitive: πνεύματος
• Dative: πνεύματι
• Plural forms add -τα

S – Studying Lexicon Insights

BDAG emphasizes πνεῦμα’s range from literal breath to divine Spirit. Thayer’s highlights its connection to life-giving force. LSJ notes extensive classical usage for wind/breath. Vine’s emphasizes its importance in Christian theology. Strong’s connects it to natural and supernatural phenomena. LEH notes Septuagint usage paralleling Hebrew רוּחַ (ruach). Moulton and Milligan document everyday usage in papyri.

T – Tracing the Scriptures

First Appearance:
Matthew 1:18: “Now the birth of Jesus Christ took place in this way. When his mother Mary had been betrothed to Joseph, before they came together she was found to be with child from the Holy [πνεύματος] Spirit.”

Additional References:
John 3:8, Acts 2:4, Romans 8:9, 1 Corinthians 2:12, Galatians 5:16

A – Analyzing Classical Usage

N – Noteworthy Summary

Πνεῦμα represents the dynamic, life-giving power of God active in creation and redemption. This word reveals how God’s Spirit empowers believers, guides the church, and transforms lives. The good news is that through Christ, believers receive the Holy Spirit, who enables them to live as God’s children and experience His presence.

D – Did You Know?

1. Πνεῦμα appears over 350 times in the New Testament
2. It’s one of few Greek words that directly corresponds to multiple Hebrew concepts
3. Early church fathers extensively debated its meaning in Trinitarian controversies

Strong’s G4151: A fundamental Greek noun meaning “spirit, breath, or wind,” derived from πνέω (pneō, “to breathe/blow”). It represents both the divine Spirit and the human spirit, denoting the invisible, powerful force that gives life and movement. Central to biblical theology, particularly in discussions of the Holy Spirit, spiritual life, and the nature of God.

Part of speech: Noun

Tags: spirit, Holy Spirit, breath, wind, life, power, Trinity, pneumatology, divine nature, spiritual life, Christian theology, Biblical Greek, New Testament terminology​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​