Brief Overview of σαρκικός (Strong’s G4559: sarkikos)

Strong’s G4559: An adjective describing that which pertains to the flesh or is controlled by human nature apart from God’s Spirit. Used in Pauline literature to contrast spiritual maturity with worldly behavior, emphasizing the struggle between flesh and spirit in Christian life.

U- Unveiling the Word

Σαρκικός represents a profound theological concept in the New Testament, particularly in Pauline theology. It describes the state of being dominated by the flesh or human nature apart from God’s Spirit. In Romans 7:14 and other passages, Paul uses this term to describe the struggle between our natural inclinations and spiritual life. The early church understood this term as describing not just physical existence but the whole realm of human weakness and sin nature. Today, it remains a crucial concept in understanding the ongoing transformation from flesh-dominated to Spirit-led living.

N – Necessary Information

• Greek Word: σαρκικός, sarkikos, /sar-kee-kos’/
• Pronunciation Guide: ‘sar’ as in ‘sarcasm’, ‘kee’ as in ‘key’, ‘kos’ as in ‘cost’
• Part of Speech: Adjective

Etymology:

• Root: σάρξ (sarx) meaning “flesh”
• Suffix: -ικός (-ikos) meaning “pertaining to”
• Combined meaning: “pertaining to or characterized by flesh”

D – Defining Meanings

• Primary meaning: Fleshly, controlled by human nature
• Secondary meaning: Worldly, opposed to spiritual things
• Contextual meaning: Operating according to human standards

Translation Options:

• Fleshly – Emphasizes the physical/natural aspect
• Carnal – Traditional theological term
• Worldly – Focuses on practical manifestation

E – Exploring Similar Words

• σάρκινος (sarkinos) /sar’-kee-nos/ – Made of flesh, emphasizing substance rather than character. See G4560
• ψυχικός (psuchikos) /psoo-khee-kos’/ – Natural, unspiritual. See G5591
• πνευματικός (pneumatikos) /pnyoo-mat-ee-kos’/ – Spiritual, the opposite of sarkikos. See G4152

R – Reviewing the Word’s Morphology

Morphological features as an adjective:

• Case: Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative
• Number: Singular and Plural
• Gender: Masculine, Feminine, Neuter
• Declension: Second/First declension

Examples:

• Masculine: σαρκικός
• Feminine: σαρκική
• Neuter: σαρκικόν
• Plural: σαρκικοί

S – Studying Lexicon Insights

BDAG emphasizes its meaning of being controlled by human nature. Thayer’s contrasts it with spiritual qualities. LSJ traces its development in Greek thought. Vine’s notes its usage in describing Christian immaturity. Strong’s connects it to the base meaning of flesh. Moulton and Milligan document its use in describing human weakness.

T – Tracing the Scriptures

First appearance:
Romans 7:14: “For we know that the law is spiritual: but I am carnal [σαρκικός], sold under sin.”

Additional References:
1 Corinthians 3:1, 1 Corinthians 3:3, 1 Corinthians 3:4, 2 Corinthians 1:12, 1 Peter 2:11

A – Analyzing Classical Usage

N – Noteworthy Summary

Σαρκικός powerfully illustrates the contrast between life in the flesh and life in the Spirit. This word proclaims the good news that while we struggle with our fleshly nature, Christ has provided the way to overcome it through His Spirit. It reminds us that transformation is possible – we are no longer bound to live according to the flesh but can walk in the freedom of the Spirit.

D – Did You Know?

1. The term appears most frequently in Paul’s Corinthian correspondence
2. Early church fathers used it to describe spiritual immaturity
3. The concept influenced Christian ascetic practices throughout history

Strong’s G4559: An adjective describing the state of being controlled by human nature rather than God’s Spirit. Used in New Testament theology to contrast spiritual maturity with worldly behavior and emphasize the need for transformation through Christ.

Part of speech: Adjective

Tags: flesh, spiritual-warfare, pauline-theology, sanctification, human-nature, spiritual-growth, christian-life, spirit-vs-flesh, transformation, discipleship​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​