G3411

Unveiling the Word

In Biblical studies, the understanding of Greek words deepens our comprehension of the cultural and historical background of the text. The word μισθωτός (misthōtós), which occurs in Mark 1:20, refers to a “hired servant” and plays an important role in understanding the relationships between workers and masters during the New Testament period. The word also appears in several parables, illustrating the economic and social systems of ancient times. Exploring this word gives us insight into the daily life of those working for wages in a time when labor was often based on personal contracts rather than institutionalized employment.

Necessary Information

Greek Word: μισθωτός (misthōtós)

Transliteration: mis-tho-tos

Pronunciation: /mis-tho-tos/

Etymology: The word μισθωτός comes from the root word μισθός (misthos), meaning “wage” or “reward.” It is formed with the suffix “-τός,” indicating someone or something that receives an action. Thus, μισθωτός means a person who is paid for work—a hired servant or laborer.

Part of Speech: Noun, masculine. It describes a person, specifically a hired worker or servant. In the New Testament context, it frequently refers to someone who works for wages, often in agriculture or manual labor.

The F.O.G Word Choice: Coming Soon.

Defining Meanings

1. Hired Servant: The primary meaning of μισθωτός is a servant or laborer who is hired for wages. This is seen in passages like Mark 1:20, where James and John leave their hired servants to follow Jesus.

2. Temporary Laborer: It can also refer to someone who works temporarily or for a specific period in return for payment, contrasting with a bondservant or slave who might serve for life.

3. Contracted Worker: In some contexts, μισθωτός implies a worker bound by a personal contract or agreement, emphasizing the transactional nature of the work relationship.

Exploring Similar Words

1. μισθός (misthós) [mis-thos]: This word means “wages” or “payment” and is the root of μισθωτός. While μισθός refers to the payment, μισθωτός refers to the person receiving the payment for their labor.

2. δοῦλος (doulos) [doo-los]: This word means “slave” or “bondservant.” Unlike μισθωτός, which refers to a paid laborer, δοῦλος indicates someone bound in servitude, often for life and without wages.

3. ἐργάτης (ergátēs) [er-gah-tes]: This word means “worker” or “laborer” in a more general sense, not specifically tied to receiving wages. It is often used to describe a hardworking individual in various fields of labor, whereas μισθωτός highlights the financial aspect of the relationship.

Reviewing the Word’s Morphology

Case, Number, Gender:

μισθωτός is a masculine noun. In its singular form, it can appear as μισθωτός (nominative), μισθωτοῦ (genitive), μισθωτῷ (dative), or μισθωτόν (accusative). The plural form is μισθωτοί in the nominative and μισθωτῶν in the genitive.

Declension Table (Singular and Plural Forms):

Case Singular Plural

Nominative μισθωτός μισθωτοί

Genitive μισθωτοῦ μισθωτῶν

Dative μισθωτῷ μισθωτοῖς

Accusative μισθωτόν μισθωτούς

For more on Greek grammar, click here for a beginner’s guide to reading Greek.

Studying Lexicon Insights

Insights from several Greek lexicons suggest that μισθωτός was commonly used to refer to hired hands in agricultural settings, such as farm laborers or fishermen, who were employed temporarily. In Mark 1:20, James and John leave their μισθωτοί, showing how even small businesses like fishing used hired help. It also emphasizes that the term μισθωτός carries no implications of long-term servitude or ownership, unlike “slave” (δοῦλος). In the ancient world, labor was often seasonal and tied to agricultural cycles, which meant that many people relied on such hired work to sustain themselves.

This overview synthesizes insights from BDAG, Thayer’s, LSJ, Vine’s, Strong’s, LEH, and Moulton and Milligan.

Tracing Related Scriptures

1. Mark 1:20 – “And straightway he called them: and they left their father Zebedee in the ship with the hired servants [μισθωτός], and went after him.”

Analyzing Classical Usage

Author Name of Work Example Text

Plato Republic “He hired [μισθωτός] servants to tend to his vineyards.”

Herodotus Histories “The mercenary soldiers were like hired hands [μισθωτοί].”

Septuagint Leviticus 19:13 “The wages of a hired servant [μισθωτός] shall not stay with you overnight.”

Noteworthy Summary

The term μισθωτός, occurring in Mark 1:20, reveals key social and economic insights into the world of the New Testament. It refers to a hired laborer, often temporarily employed, typically for agricultural or fishing work. Unlike bondservants or slaves, μισθωτοί were free men and women who worked for wages and could seek new employment after completing their contracts. Understanding this word offers a glimpse into the daily lives of people living under Roman occupation, many of whom relied on wage labor to survive.

Did You Know?

1. The term μισθωτός in Greek culture was often applied to mercenaries—soldiers who fought for pay, not allegiance.

2. In Jewish law, withholding the wages of a μισθωτός was strictly forbidden, as seen in Leviticus 19:13.

3. The early disciples, such as James and John, left behind hired laborers (μισθωτός) when they were called to follow Jesus, symbolizing their departure from their earthly livelihoods.