Introduction

Understanding Greek words in Biblical studies allows us to grasp the nuances and deeper meanings embedded within the text. The Greek word ἑταῖρος (hetairos) is particularly significant in this context, as it conveys the concept of companionship and association, often with implications of loyalty, fellowship, or, in some cases, betrayal. This term is not only vital for interpreting specific New Testament passages but also offers insights into ancient Greek culture’s understanding of relationships and alliances.

Key Information

• The Greek Word: ἑταῖρος (hetairos) [heh-TIE-ros]
• Etymology: Derived from a presumed root meaning “to associate” or “to be a companion.”
• Part of Speech: Noun (masculine, second declension).
• The F.O.G Word Choice: Coming Soon.

Primary Meanings

• Companion: Refers to someone who is a close associate or friend.
• Comrade: Used in the context of shared experiences or endeavors, often in a group or fellowship.
• Associate: A general term for someone connected to another by shared interests or purposes.
• Betrayer (contextual use): In certain New Testament passages, it can carry a connotation of a false or disloyal companion.

Similar Words: φίλος (philos) [FEE-los], meaning “friend” or “loved one,” implies a closer, more affectionate bond than ἑταῖρος. σύντροφος (syntrophos) [SOON-tro-phos], meaning “fellow companion” or “intimate,” carries a sense of someone raised together or a very close comrade.

Further Insights: ἑταῖρος is a second-declension noun, typically masculine. It is used both in literal contexts (such as referring to a companion or partner) and in more figurative or ironic ways (as seen in the context of betrayal in the New Testament). Its use can be positive or negative depending on the context, reflecting either loyalty or disloyalty.

Click here for a beginner’s guide to reading Greek.

Lexicon Insights

BDAG: ἑταῖρος is defined primarily as “companion” or “associate.” The word carries the connotation of someone who shares in an endeavor or experience, often with an implied equality of status or purpose. BDAG also notes that, in certain contexts, such as in the Gospel of Matthew, it is used ironically to describe Judas Iscariot, highlighting betrayal.

Thayer’s: Thayer’s lexicon emphasizes the general meaning of “companion” or “friend.” It also notes its specific use in Matthew to signify a “false friend” or one who pretends friendship for ulterior motives.

Vine’s Expository Dictionary: Vine’s outlines the term as “companion” and differentiates it from φίλος (philos) by pointing out that ἑταῖρος can have a more neutral or even negative implication, especially when referring to false friendship or companionship that leads to betrayal.

LSJ (Liddell-Scott-Jones): LSJ provides a broader classical context for ἑταῖρος, defining it as “companion” and “comrade.” It was commonly used in Greek literature to refer to members of a group or society, such as companions in battle or participants in a shared endeavor.

Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance: Strong’s Concordance defines ἑταῖρος as “a fellow” or “companion,” noting its use in the New Testament to describe Judas and thus implying a negative connotation in that context.

Related Scripture References

• Matthew 20:13: “But he answered one of them and said, ‘Friend (ἑταῖρε), I am doing you no wrong; did you not agree with me for a denarius?'”
• Matthew 22:12: “And he said to him, ‘Friend (ἑταῖρε), how did you come in here without wedding clothes?’ And the man was speechless.”
• Matthew 26:50: “Jesus said to him, ‘Friend (ἑταῖρε), do what you have come for.’ Then they came and laid hands on Jesus and seized Him.”

Classical Usage

Septuagint Examples:

Summary of ἑταῖρος (G2083)

In summary, ἑταῖρος (hetairos) is a Greek noun that primarily means “companion” or “associate.” It originates from a root suggesting association or fellowship and is used to describe both positive and negative relationships. In the New Testament, it is often used to imply companionship but can also suggest betrayal or false friendship, particularly in the context of Judas Iscariot. Understanding this term helps reveal the layers of relationship dynamics presented in the Bible and in broader ancient Greek literature.

Did You Know?

Did you know that the term ἑταῖρος (hetairos) was also used in ancient Greek literature to refer to members of social clubs or societies, and even military companions? The famous “Companions” (ἑταῖροι) of Alexander the Great were an elite cavalry unit, underscoring the word’s association with loyalty, fellowship, and shared mission—whether for good or for ill.