Numbers Chapter 23

Commentary

Balaam's First Oracle

1And Balaam said unto Balak, Build me here seven altars, and prepare me here seven oxen and seven rams. 2And Balak did as Balaam had spoken; and Balak and Balaam offered on every altar a bullock and a ram. 3And Balaam said unto Balak, Stand by thy burnt offering, and I will go: peradventure the LORD will come to meet me: and whatsoever he sheweth me I will tell thee. And he went to an high place.

4And God met Balaam: and he said unto him, I have prepared seven altars, and I have offered upon every altar a bullock and a ram. 5And the LORD put a word in Balaam's mouth, and said, Return unto Balak, and thus thou shalt speak. 6And he returned unto him, and, lo, he stood by his burnt sacrifice, he, and all the princes of Moab.

7And he took up his parable, and said, Balak the king of Moab hath brought me from Aram, out of the mountains of the east, saying, Come, curse me Jacob, and come, defy Israel.

8How shall I curse, whom God hath not cursed? or how shall I defy, whom the LORD hath not defied?

9For from the top of the rocks I see him, and from the hills I behold him: lo, the people shall dwell alone, and shall not be reckoned among the nations.

10Who can count the dust of Jacob, and the number of the fourth part of Israel? Let me die the death of the righteous, and let my last end be like his!

11And Balak said unto Balaam, What hast thou done unto me? I took thee to curse mine enemies, and, behold, thou hast blessed them altogether. 12And he answered and said, Must I not take heed to speak that which the LORD hath put in my mouth?

Balaam's Second Oracle

13And Balak said unto him, Come, I pray thee, with me unto another place, from whence thou mayest see them: thou shalt see but the utmost part of them, and shalt not see them all: and curse me them from thence. 14And he brought him into the field of Zophim, to the top of Pisgah, and built seven altars, and offered a bullock and a ram on every altar. 15And he said unto Balak, Stand here by thy burnt offering, while I meet the LORD yonder. 16And the LORD met Balaam, and put a word in his mouth, and said, Go again unto Balak, and say thus. 17And when he came to him, behold, he stood by his burnt offering, and the princes of Moab with him. And Balak said unto him, What hath the LORD spoken?

18And he took up his parable, and said, Rise up, Balak, and hear; hearken unto me, thou son of Zippor:

19God is not a man, that he should lie; neither the son of man, that he should repent: hath he said, and shall he not do it? or hath he spoken, and shall he not make it good?

20Behold, I have received commandment to bless: and he hath blessed; and I cannot reverse it.

21He hath not beheld iniquity in Jacob, neither hath he seen perverseness in Israel: the LORD his God is with him, and the shout of a king is among them.

22God brought them out of Egypt; he hath as it were the strength of an unicorn.

23Surely there is no enchantment against Jacob, neither is there any divination against Israel: according to this time it shall be said of Jacob and of Israel, What hath God wrought!

24Behold, the people shall rise up as a great lion, and lift up himself as a young lion: he shall not lie down until he eat of the prey, and drink the blood of the slain.

25And Balak said unto Balaam, Neither curse them at all, nor bless them at all. 26But Balaam answered and said unto Balak, Told not I thee, saying, All that the LORD speaketh, that I must do?

27And Balak said unto Balaam, Come, I pray thee, I will bring thee unto another place; peradventure it will please God that thou mayest curse me them from thence. 28And Balak brought Balaam unto the top of Peor, that looketh toward Jeshimon. 29And Balaam said unto Balak, Build me here seven altars, and prepare me here seven bullocks and seven rams. 30And Balak did as Balaam had said, and offered a bullock and a ram on every altar.

King James Bible

Text courtesy of BibleProtector.com.

Balaam’s First Oracle

1 Balaam said to Balak, “Build me here seven altars, and prepare me here seven bulls and seven rams.” 2 Balak did as Balaam had spoken; and Balak and Balaam offered on every altar a bull and a ram. 3 Balaam said to Balak, “Stand by your burnt offering, and I will go: perhaps Yahweh will come to meet me; and whatever he shows me I will tell you.” He went to a bare height.

4 God met Balaam: and he said to him, “I have prepared the seven altars, and I have offered up a bull and a ram on every altar.” 5 Yahweh put a word in Balaam’s mouth, and said, “Return to Balak, and thus you shall speak.” 6 He returned to him, and behold, he was standing by his burnt offering, he, and all the princes of Moab.

7 He took up his parable, and said, “From Aram has Balak brought me, the king of Moab from the mountains of the East. Come, curse Jacob for me. Come, defy Israel.

8 How shall I curse whom God has not cursed? How shall I defy whom Yahweh has not defied?

9 For from the top of the rocks I see him. From the hills I see him. Behold, it is a people that dwells alone, and shall not be reckoned among the nations.

10 Who can count the dust of Jacob, or number the fourth part of Israel? Let me die the death of the righteous! Let my last end be like his!”

11 Balak said to Balaam, “What have you done to me? I took you to curse my enemies, and behold, you have blessed them altogether.” 12 He answered and said, “Must I not take heed to speak that which Yahweh puts in my mouth?”

Balaam’s Second Oracle

13 Balak said to him, “Please come with me to another place, where you may see them; you shall see but the utmost part of them, and shall not see them all: and curse me them from there.” 14 He took him into the field of Zophim, to the top of Pisgah, and built seven altars, and offered up a bull and a ram on every altar. 15 He said to Balak, “Stand here by your burnt offering, while I meet over there.” 16 Yahweh met Balaam, and put a word in his mouth, and said, “Return to Balak, and say this.” 17 He came to him, and behold, he was standing by his burnt offering, and the princes of Moab with him. Balak said to him, “What has Yahweh spoken?”

18 He took up his parable, and said, “Rise up, Balak, and hear! Listen to me, you son of Zippor.

19 God is not a man, that he should lie, nor the son of man, that he should repent. Has he said, and will he not do it? Or has he spoken, and will he not make it good?

20 Behold, I have received a command to bless. He has blessed, and I can’t reverse it.

21 He has not seen iniquity in Jacob. Neither has he seen perverseness in Israel. Yahweh his God is with him. The shout of a king is among them.

22 God brings them out of Egypt. He has as it were the strength of the wild ox.

23 Surely there is no enchantment with Jacob; Neither is there any divination with Israel. Now it shall be said of Jacob and of Israel, What has God done!

24 Behold, the people rises up as a lioness, As a lion he lifts himself up. He shall not lie down until he eat of the prey, and drinks the blood of the slain.”

25 Balak said to Balaam, “Neither curse them at all, nor bless them at all.” 26 But Balaam answered Balak, “Didn’t I tell you, saying, ‘All that Yahweh speaks, that I must do?’”

27 Balak said to Balaam, “Come now, I will take you to another place; perhaps it will please God that you may curse me them from there.” 28 Balak took Balaam to the top of Peor, that looks down on the desert. 29 Balaam said to Balak, “Build me here seven altars, and prepare me here seven bulls and seven rams.” 30 Balak did as Balaam had said, and offered up a bull and a ram on every altar.

Balaam’s First Oracle

1 Then Balaam said to Balak, “Build for me seven altars here, and prepare for me seven bulls and seven rams.”

2 So Balak did as Balaam had instructed, and Balak and Balaam offered a bull and a ram on each altar.

3 “Stay here by your burnt offering while I am gone,” Balaam said to Balak. “Perhaps the LORD will meet with me. And whatever He reveals to me, I will tell you.”

So Balaam went off to a barren height, 4 and God met with him. “I have set up seven altars,” Balaam said, “and on each altar I have offered a bull and a ram.”

5 Then the LORD put a message in Balaam’s mouth, saying, “Return to Balak and give him this message.”

6 So he returned to Balak, who was standing there beside his burnt offering, with all the princes of Moab.

7 And Balaam lifted up an oracle, saying:

“Balak brought me from Aram,

the king of Moab from the mountains of the east.

‘Come,’ he said, ‘put a curse on Jacob for me;

come and denounce Israel!’

8 How can I curse what God has not cursed?

How can I denounce what the LORD has not denounced?

9 For I see them from atop the rocky cliffs,

and I watch them from the hills.

Behold, a people dwelling apart,

not reckoning themselves among the nations.

10 Who can count the dust of Jacob

or number even a fourth of Israel?

Let me die the death of the righteous;

let my end be like theirs!”

11 Then Balak said to Balaam, “What have you done to me? I brought you here to curse my enemies, and behold, you have only blessed them!”

12 But Balaam replied, “Should I not speak exactly what the LORD puts in my mouth?”

Balaam’s Second Oracle

13 Then Balak said to him, “Please come with me to another place where you can see them. You will only see the outskirts of their camp—not all of them. And from there, curse them for me.”

14 So Balak took him to the field of Zophim, to the top of Pisgah, where he built seven altars and offered a bull and a ram on each altar.

15 Balaam said to Balak, “Stay here beside your burnt offering while I meet the LORD over there.”

16 And the LORD met with Balaam and put a message in his mouth, saying, “Return to Balak and speak what I tell you.”

17 So he returned to Balak, who was standing there by his burnt offering with the princes of Moab.

“What did the LORD say?” Balak asked.

18 Then Balaam lifted up an oracle, saying:

“Arise, O Balak, and listen;

give ear to me, O son of Zippor.

19 God is not a man, that He should lie,

or a son of man, that He should change His mind.

Does He speak and not act?

Does He promise and not fulfill?

20 I have indeed received a command to bless;

He has blessed, and I cannot change it.

21 He considers no disaster for Jacob;

He sees no trouble for Israel.

The LORD their God is with them,

and the shout of the King is among them.

22 God brought them out of Egypt

with strength like a wild ox.

23 For there is no spell against Jacob

and no divination against Israel.

It will now be said of Jacob and Israel,

‘What great things God has done!’

24 Behold, the people rise like a lioness;

they rouse themselves like a lion,

not resting until they devour their prey

and drink the blood of the slain.”

25 Now Balak said to Balaam, “Then neither curse them at all nor bless them at all!”

26 But Balaam replied, “Did I not tell you that whatever the LORD says, I must do?”

27 “Please come,” said Balak, “I will take you to another place. Perhaps it will please God that you curse them for me from there.”

28 And Balak took Balaam to the top of Peor, which overlooks the wasteland. a

29 Then Balaam said, “Build for me seven altars here, and prepare for me seven bulls and seven rams.”

30 So Balak did as Balaam had instructed, and he offered a bull and a ram on each altar.

 

Footnotes:

28 a Or Jeshimon

Balaam's First Oracle

1And Balaam saith unto Balak, 'Build for me in this place seven altars, and make ready for me in this place seven bullocks and seven rams.' 2And Balak doth as Balaam hath spoken, and Balak -- Balaam also -- offereth a bullock and a ram on the altar, 3and Balaam saith to Balak, 'Station thyself by thy burnt-offering and I go on, it may be Jehovah doth come to meet me, and the thing which He sheweth me -- I have declared to thee;' and he goeth to a high place.

4And God cometh unto Balaam, and he saith unto Him, 'The seven altars I have arranged, and I offer a bullock and a ram on the altar;' 5and Jehovah putteth a word in the mouth of Balaam, and saith, 'Turn back unto Balak, and thus thou dost speak.' 6And he turneth back unto him, and lo, he is standing by his burnt-offering, he and all the princes of Moab.

7And he taketh up his simile, and saith: 'From Aram he doth lead me -- Balak king of Moab; From mountains of the east: Come -- curse for me Jacob, And come -- be indignant with Israel.

8What -- do I pierce? -- God hath not pierced! And what -- am I indignant? -- Jehovah hath not been indignant!

9For from the top of rocks I see it, And from heights I behold it; Lo a people! alone it doth tabernacle, And among nations doth not reckon itself.

10Who hath counted the dust of Jacob, And the number of the fourth of Israel? Let me die the death of upright ones, And let my last end be like his!'

11And Balak saith unto Balaam, 'What hast thou done to me? to pierce mine enemies I have taken thee -- and lo, thou hast certainly blessed;' 12and he answereth and saith, 'That which Jehovah doth put in my mouth -- it do I not take heed to speak?'

Balaam's Second Oracle

13And Balak saith unto him, 'Come, I pray thee, with me unto another place, whence thou dost see it, only its extremity thou dost see, and all of it thou dost not see, and pierce it for me thence;' 14and he taketh him to the field of Zophim, unto the top of Pisgah, and buildeth seven altars, and offereth a bullock and a ram on the altar. 15And he saith unto Balak, 'Station thyself here by thy burnt-offering, and I -- I meet Him there;' 16and Jehovah cometh unto Balaam, and setteth a word in his mouth, and saith, 'Turn back unto Balak, and thus thou dost speak.' 17And he cometh unto him, and lo, he is standing by his burnt-offering, and the princes of Moab with him, and Balak saith to him: 'What hath Jehovah spoken?'

18And he taketh up his simile, and saith: 'Rise, Balak, and hear; Give ear unto me, son of Zippor!

19God is not a man -- and lieth, And a son of man -- and repenteth! Hath He said -- and doth He not do it? And spoken -- and doth He not confirm it?

20Lo, to bless I have received: Yea, He blesseth, and I can not reverse it.

21He hath not beheld iniquity in Jacob, Nor hath He seen perverseness in Israel; Jehovah his God is with him, And a shout of a king is in him.

22God is bringing them out from Egypt, As the swiftness of a Reem is to him;

23For no enchantment is against Jacob, Nor divination against Israel, At the time it is said of Jacob and Israel, What hath God wrought!

24Lo, the people as a lioness riseth, And as a lion he lifteth himself up, He lieth not down till he eateth prey, And blood of pierced ones doth drink.'

25And Balak saith unto Balaam, 'Neither pierce it at all, nor bless it at all;' 26and Balaam answereth and saith unto Balak, 'Have I not spoken unto thee, saying, All that Jehovah speaketh -- it I do?'

27And Balak saith unto Balaam, 'Come, I pray thee, I take thee unto another place; it may be it is right in the eyes of God -- to pierce it for me from thence.' 28And Balak taketh Balaam to the top of Peor, which is looking on the front of the wilderness, 29and Balaam saith unto Balak, 'Build for me in this place seven altars, and make ready for me in this place seven bullocks and seven rams;' 30and Balak doth as Balaam said, and he offereth a bullock and a ram on an altar.

The F.O.G Commentary:

1What is the meaning of Numbers 23?
2Introduction to Numbers 23
3Context of Numbers 23
4Ancient Key Word Study
5Compare & Contrast
6Numbers 23 Unique Insights
7Numbers 23 Connections to Yeshua
8Numbers 23 Scriptural Echoes
9Numbers 23 Devotional
10Did You Know

What is the meaning of Numbers 23?

Introduction to Numbers 23

Numbers 23 presents a fascinating narrative where we witness the dramatic tension between human attempts to curse God’s people and יהוה (Yahweh)’s sovereign power to bless. The chapter revolves around Balak, the king of Moab, and his desperate attempts to convince the prophet Balaam to curse Israel. What unfolds instead is a powerful demonstration of God’s faithfulness to His covenant promises and His absolute sovereignty over human schemes.

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This chapter serves as a pivotal moment in Israel’s journey to the Promised Land, revealing how יהוה (Yahweh) can even use a reluctant prophet and pagan altars to declare His unchangeable purposes for His chosen people. The poetry and prophecies contained within this chapter are some of the most beautiful in the Torah, offering timeless truths about God’s character and His relationship with His people.

Context of Numbers 23

Within the book of Numbers, chapter 23 is part of the larger Balaam narrative (Numbers 22-24) that occurs as Israel is positioned on the plains of Moab, preparing to enter the Promised Land. This positioning is crucial – after forty years of wilderness wandering, Israel stands on the threshold of their inheritance, yet faces opposition from the surrounding nations. The immediate context shows Balak’s fear of Israel’s growing strength and his attempt to use supernatural means to weaken them through Balaam’s supposed ability to curse.

The broader biblical context reveals this as a significant spiritual battle. While physical armies gather, the real conflict is taking place in the spiritual realm, where יהוה (Yahweh) demonstrates His absolute authority over all spiritual powers, whether they claim to be for or against Him. This narrative connects to the larger themes of God’s faithfulness to His covenant with Abraham (Genesis 12:3) and His sovereign protection of Israel throughout their wilderness journey.

This episode also serves as a powerful reminder of God’s providence in Israel’s history, echoing forward to future moments when other nations would attempt to destroy God’s people, yet find themselves unable to succeed against יהוה (Yahweh)’s protective hand. The chapter’s placement just before Israel’s entrance into Canaan reinforces God’s unlimited power to fulfill His promises despite any opposition.

Ancient Key Word Study

  • ברך (barak) – “to bless”: This primary word appears throughout the chapter, contrasting sharply with Balak’s desire for cursing. The root carries the idea of empowerment for success and multiplication. In Ancient Near Eastern context, blessings were considered tangible forces, making this spiritual battle all the more significant.
  • קבה (qabab) – “to curse”: This specific term for cursing implies fixing someone’s destiny for harm. Unlike general cursing, this word suggests an official proclamation of doom, highlighting the seriousness of what Balak was requesting.
  • קסם (qesem) – “divination”: Used in verse 23, this term refers to pagan practices of determining divine will. Its presence here emphasizes the contrast between false spiritual practices and true prophetic utterance.
  • נחש (nachash) – “enchantment”: Another technical term for occult practices, specifically referring to reading omens. Its denial in verse 23 demonstrates Israel’s unique relationship with יהוה (Yahweh), who communicates directly rather than through pagan means.
  • שור (shur) – “to see/behold”: This prophetic term implies more than physical sight; it suggests divine revelation and spiritual perception. Its usage indicates Balaam’s genuine prophetic experience despite his flawed character.
  • עין (ayin) – “eye”: Beyond physical sight, in this context it carries the connotation of prophetic vision and spiritual understanding. The “uncovered eye” mentioned refers to supernatural insight.
  • נאם (ne’um) – “oracle/utterance”: This technical term for prophetic speech appears in formal introductions to oracles. Its use here legitimizes Balaam’s pronouncements as genuine divine messages despite their unexpected source.
  • שכב (shakab) – “to lie down”: Used metaphorically of Israel’s strength like a lion, this term suggests both rest and readiness – a picture of confident security under divine protection.
  • יעקב (Ya’aqov) – “Jacob”: Used here not just as a name but as a title conveying Israel’s special covenant relationship with God, emphasizing their election and divine purpose.

Compare & Contrast

  • Verse 1: “Build seven altars for me here, and prepare seven bulls and seven rams.” The specification of seven altars rather than one is significant. In Ancient Near Eastern practice, multiple altars were thought to increase the power of the ritual. However, this shows Balaam’s pagan mindset – trying to manipulate divine power through elaborate ritual rather than simple obedience.
  • Verse 8: “How can I curse whom God has not cursed?” The Hebrew construction emphasizes impossibility. The verb לא (lo) appears first for emphasis, creating a stark contradiction between human intention and divine decree.
  • Verse 9: “From the top of the rocks I see him” uses the verb רָאָה (ra’ah) rather than חָזָה (chazah), suggesting physical sight before spiritual vision, emphasizing the reality and tangibility of Israel’s blessed status.
  • Verse 10: “Who can count the dust of Jacob?” deliberately echoes God’s promise to Abraham in Genesis 13:16, using the same Hebrew word עָפָר (aphar) for dust, creating a powerful connection to the patriarchal promises.
  • Verse 19: “God is not a man that He should lie” employs אִישׁ (ish) rather than אָדָם (adam), emphasizing individual human unreliability rather than general human nature, creating a sharper contrast with divine faithfulness.
  • Verse 21: “The shout of a king is among them” uses תְּרוּעָה (teruah), typically associated with battle cries or festival joy, rather than a more general word for sound, emphasizing the triumphant nature of God’s presence with Israel.
  • Verse 23: “There is no enchantment against Jacob” uses the preposition בְּ (in/against) rather than עַל (upon), suggesting not just protection from curses but immunity to them, emphasizing Israel’s spiritual invulnerability under divine protection.
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Numbers 23 Unique Insights

The chapter contains several layers of meaning that would have resonated deeply with its original audience. The repeated pattern of seven (seven altars, seven bulls, seven rams) reflects the Ancient Near Eastern understanding of seven as the number of completion or perfection. However, this chapter subverts the expected use of these numbers – instead of empowering Balaam’s curse, they become vehicles for blessing.

Rabbinic tradition notes that Balaam’s oracles contain a fascinating prophetic element about Israel’s future. The Zohar specifically comments on verse 21, “He has not observed iniquity in Jacob,” suggesting this refers not just to the present moment but to God’s eternal perspective on Israel. The Jerusalem Talmud connects this to the concept of זְכוּת אָבוֹת (zechut avot) – the merit of the fathers – explaining how God’s view of Israel is always filtered through His covenant promises.

Early Christian writers, including Origin and Augustine, saw in this chapter a powerful testimony to God’s sovereignty over spiritual forces. They particularly noted how Balaam’s inability to curse Israel prefigured the church’s protection from spiritual attacks. The early church father Ephrem the Syrian wrote extensively about how this chapter demonstrates God’s ability to turn intended curses into blessings.

The mysterious passage about “no divination against Jacob” (verse 23) takes on deeper significance when understood in its historical context. Archaeological findings from Deir Alla in Jordan actually reference “Balaam son of Beor” as a seer, confirming the historical reality of this character and suggesting his reputation extended beyond biblical accounts.

Numbers 23 Connections to Yeshua

The prophetic declarations in this chapter find their ultimate fulfillment in the Messiah Yeshua. The statement that “God is not a man that He should lie” (verse 19) creates an interesting tension that’s resolved in the incarnation – while God is not a man in His essential nature, He chose to become man in Yeshua while maintaining His divine truthfulness and faithfulness.

The imagery of God leading Israel out of Egypt (verse 22) prefigures how Yeshua would lead His people out of spiritual bondage. Just as Israel could not be cursed because of God’s presence among them, believers in Yeshua cannot be condemned because of His presence within them (Romans 8:1). The declaration that “no divination against Jacob” finds its New Testament parallel in the truth that no weapon formed against God’s people will prosper (Isaiah 54:17).

Numbers 23 Scriptural Echoes

This chapter resonates with numerous biblical passages, creating a rich tapestry of interconnected themes. The inability to curse what God has blessed echoes forward to Romans 8:31-39, where Paul declares that nothing can separate us from God’s love. The image of Israel as a lion (Numbers 23:24) connects both backward to Jacob’s blessing of Judah (Genesis 49:9) and forward to the Messiah as the Lion of Judah (Revelation 5:5).

The theme of God’s unchangeable word (Numbers 23:19) finds echoes throughout Scripture, particularly in passages like Malachi 3:6 and James 1:17. The declaration of Israel’s special status and separation from other nations (Numbers 23:9) resonates with 1 Peter 2:9, where believers are described as a chosen people and holy nation.

Numbers 23 Devotional

This chapter offers profound encouragement for believers today. Just as Israel could not be cursed because of God’s blessing, we too stand secure in God’s unshakeable promises. When facing opposition or spiritual warfare, we can rest in the truth that no weapon formed against us shall prosper (Isaiah 54:17).

The chapter challenges us to examine our own attitudes toward God’s will. Unlike Balaam, who initially sought to manipulate God’s purposes, we’re called to align ourselves with His perfect plans. This requires cultivating a heart of submission and trust, recognizing that God’s ways are higher than ours (Isaiah 55:9).

Did You Know

  • Archaeological discoveries at Tell Deir ‘Alla in Jordan include inscriptions mentioning “Balaam son of Beor,” providing extra-biblical evidence for this biblical character.
  • The Hebrew word for “curse” (קבה) used in this chapter is different from the usual word for curse (ארר), suggesting a specific type of formal, ritualistic cursing.
  • The seven altars mentioned align with discoveries of ancient Mesopotamian texts describing similar ritual practices, though God subverts their intended use.
  • Balaam’s prophecies contain some of the earliest messianic predictions in the Torah, with rabbinic tradition identifying multiple references to the future King Messiah.
  • The phrase “no enchantment against Jacob” became a traditional Jewish prayer formula used for protection against harmful spiritual forces.
  • The location of Bamoth Baal where these events took place has been tentatively identified by archaeologists in modern-day Jordan.
  • The number of sacrifices offered (seven bulls and seven rams on seven altars) would have been an enormous expense, showing Balak’s desperation to curse Israel.
  • The description of Israel as a “people who dwell alone” became a key text in Jewish self-understanding throughout history.
  • Early Jewish tradition suggests that Balaam’s speaking about his “eye being opened” refers to his physical disability – being blind in one eye.
  • The prophetic formula “Thus says the Lord” appears for the first time in the Torah in this chapter.

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