1. Overview

Βηθφαγή (transliterated as Bethphage, pronounced beth-FAY-jee) is a place name of Hebrew origin. The name is derived from the Aramaic words beth (בֵּית), meaning “house,” and pag (פַּג), which can mean “unripe fig” or “early fig.” Therefore, the name Bethphage translates to “house of unripe figs.” This village is mentioned in the New Testament as a location near the Mount of Olives and is significant in the narrative of Jesus’ triumphal entry into Jerusalem.

Bethphage is best known for its association with the final days of Jesus’ ministry. It is the location from which Jesus sent two of His disciples to find a colt for His entry into Jerusalem, fulfilling the prophecy found in Zechariah 9:9. Bethphage is closely associated with Bethany, another nearby village, and both are often mentioned together in the context of Jesus’ travels and teachings.

2. Detailed Description

Bethphage is referenced in the Synoptic Gospels—Matthew, Mark, and Luke—each mentioning it as a key location during Jesus’ final journey to Jerusalem. In Matthew 21:1-2, Mark 11:1-2, and Luke 19:29-30, Bethphage is identified as the village where Jesus sent two disciples to fetch a colt, on which He would ride into Jerusalem. This event is a crucial fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy and marks the beginning of the Passion Week.

The BDAG lexicon highlights Bethphage as a significant geographical location in the Gospels, primarily because of its role in the events leading up to Jesus’ crucifixion. Thayer’s lexicon further elaborates on its meaning, emphasizing its etymology related to “unripe figs” and noting its proximity to the Mount of Olives and Jerusalem. The Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance also affirms its importance as a place where prophecy was fulfilled, and where significant events in Jesus’ ministry occurred.

Bethphage’s role as a point of departure for Jesus’ triumphal entry is symbolic. It represents the transition from Jesus’ public ministry to the events leading to His crucifixion. The proximity of Bethphage to Jerusalem also underscores its strategic importance in the narrative, as it was the final staging point before Jesus’ entry into the city where He would face His ultimate sacrifice.

3. Usage in Classical Greek Literature

Bethphage does not feature prominently in classical Greek literature, as it is primarily known through biblical and early Christian texts. However, its significance is well-documented in Christian history and theology.

1. Josephus, in his Antiquities of the Jews, provides background information on the geography of the region surrounding Jerusalem, including references to areas near the Mount of Olives. While Bethphage itself is not directly mentioned, the general area is recognized for its religious and historical importance.
2. Eusebius of Caesarea, in his Onomasticon, identifies Bethphage as a location near the Mount of Olives, affirming its association with the events of the Passion Week. Eusebius’ work helps to contextualize Bethphage within the broader landscape of ancient Jerusalem.
3. Origen of Alexandria also references Bethphage in his commentaries, particularly in the context of Jesus’ final days. He reflects on the symbolic meaning of the “house of unripe figs,” tying it to the spiritual themes present in the Gospel narratives.

These references, though limited in classical literature, underscore Bethphage’s importance in early Christian thought and its enduring significance in the study of the New Testament.

4. Summary

Βηθφαγή (Bethphage) is a village of profound significance in the New Testament, particularly in relation to the events leading up to Jesus’ crucifixion. Translating to “house of unripe figs,” Bethphage is the site where Jesus prepared for His triumphal entry into Jerusalem, a key moment in Christian theology.

Lexical sources such as BDAG, Thayer’s, and Strong’s emphasize Bethphage’s role in fulfilling prophecy and its strategic location near Jerusalem and the Mount of Olives. Although not widely mentioned in classical Greek literature, Bethphage is well-recognized in early Christian writings and theological studies, underscoring its importance in the Passion narrative.

In conclusion, Bethphage serves as a crucial geographical and symbolic location in the Gospels, marking the beginning of the final phase of Jesus’ earthly ministry. Its mention in the New Testament highlights its role in the fulfillment of prophecy and the unfolding of the events that lead to the cornerstone of Christian faith—the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus Christ.