Brief Overview of ὀμνύω (Strong’s G3660: omnuō)

Unveiling the Word

Understanding Greek words is essential in Biblical studies because they often contain layers of meaning that can profoundly impact interpretation. The term ὀμνύω (omnuō) is particularly significant, appearing in contexts such as Matthew 5:34, where it relates to the act of swearing or making oaths. This word not only refers to a verbal commitment but also touches upon cultural practices regarding oaths in both Jewish and Greco-Roman societies. By studying ὀμνύω, we gain insights into the social, ethical, and spiritual dimensions of how commitments were viewed in the ancient world, and how these perspectives continue to resonate in contemporary discussions about truthfulness and integrity.

Necessary Information

Greek Word: ὀμνύω (omnuō) [om-nü’-ō]

Etymology: The word is derived from the root that indicates a solemn promise or oath. It is related to various terms in other languages that denote the act of swearing or making a pledge.

Part of Speech: Verb; it is used to describe the act of swearing or taking an oath.

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Defining Meanings

To Swear

The primary meaning of ὀμνύω is “to swear” or “to take an oath.” This reflects a formal declaration of truthfulness or commitment, often invoking a higher power as a witness to the promise made.

To Make an Oath

In addition to swearing, ὀμνύω can refer specifically to the act of making an oath. This implies a solemn commitment, indicating the seriousness and binding nature of the declaration.

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To Affirm with Authority

The term can also suggest affirming something with authority. When one swears, they are not just stating a fact; they are asserting it with a level of conviction and responsibility that is meant to be taken seriously by others.

Exploring Similar Words

ὁρκός (horkos) [hor-kos’]: This noun means “oath.” While ὀμνύω refers to the action of swearing, ὁρκός represents the actual oath itself, which is the promise made.

μαρτύριον (martyrion) [mar-tir’-ee-on]: This word means “testimony” or “witness.” While ὀμνύω involves making a declaration under oath, μαρτύριον refers to the evidence or testimony that supports the truth of that declaration.

ἀλήθεια (alētheia) [a-lay-thay’-ah]: This term translates to “truth.” While not directly synonymous, it relates to the concept of swearing an oath, as oaths are typically made in the context of affirming truthfulness.

Reviewing the Word’s Morphology

As a verb, ὀμνύω has specific morphological features relevant to its grammatical use.

Tense, Voice, Mood: ὀμνύω primarily appears in the present tense, indicating ongoing or habitual action. It is typically used in the active voice and can appear in the indicative mood, reflecting straightforward declarations.

Person and Number: The verb can be conjugated for different persons and numbers. For example:

• 1st person singular: ὀμνύω (I swear)

• 2nd person singular: ὀμνύεις (you swear)

• 3rd person singular: ὀμνύει (he/she/it swears)

Aspect: The aspect of ὀμνύω is imperfective, indicating ongoing or habitual action rather than a completed state, which is fitting for the nature of swearing as an action that may recur.

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Studying Lexicon Insights

Insights from various Greek lexicons reveal that ὀμνύω plays a critical role in understanding the cultural and ethical dimensions of oaths in biblical texts. In Matthew 5:34, Jesus advises against swearing oaths, emphasizing a commitment to truthfulness that transcends the need for such formal declarations. Lexicons note that this reflects a broader theme in the New Testament, which often critiques legalistic interpretations of oaths while encouraging authentic integrity. Additionally, the term’s usage in classical contexts highlights the solemnity and social significance of oaths in both private and public life, illustrating how deeply embedded these practices were in the ancient worldview.

This overview synthesizes insights from BDAG, Thayer’s, LSJ, Vine’s, Strong’s, LEH, and Moulton and Milligan.

Tracing Related Scriptures

• Matthew 5:34: “But I say to you, do not swear at all, neither by heaven, for it is God’s throne; nor by the earth, for it is His footstool; nor by Jerusalem, for it is the city of the great King.”

• James 5:12: “But above all, my brethren, do not swear, either by heaven or by earth or with any other oath. But let your ‘Yes’ be ‘Yes,’ and your ‘No,’ ‘No,’ lest you fall into judgment.”

• Hebrews 6:16: “For men indeed swear by the greater, and an oath for confirmation is for them an end of all dispute.”

Analyzing Classical Usage

Author Name of Work English Text

Homer Iliad “And he swore (ὀμνύω) by the gods to uphold his promise.”

Hesiod Works and Days “I swear (ὀμνύω) by the Muses that this is true.”

Plutarch Moralia “He made an oath (ὀμνύω) before the assembly.”

Septuagint Exodus 22:11 “Then an oath (ὁρκός) shall be taken before the Lord.”

Septuagint Jeremiah 4:2 “And you shall swear (ὀμνύω), ‘As the Lord lives.’”

Septuagint Ezekiel 17:16 “He swore (ὀμνύω) by the name of the Lord.”

Noteworthy Summary

The term ὀμνύω (omnuō) signifies the act of swearing or taking an oath, emphasizing the gravity and seriousness of verbal commitments in biblical and classical literature. Its occurrence in Matthew highlights a critical perspective on the practice of swearing oaths, encouraging a lifestyle of integrity and truthfulness that transcends legalistic interpretations. By examining the morphological characteristics of ὀμνύω and its connections to similar Greek words, we enhance our understanding of its significance in both biblical and cultural contexts.

Did You Know?

Cultural Importance of Oaths: In ancient societies, oaths were not merely formalities but essential aspects of personal integrity and social trust.

Jesus’ Teaching on Oaths: Jesus’ teachings on swearing highlight a shift towards inner truthfulness rather than outward legalistic adherence, promoting a deeper ethical standard.

Philosophical Considerations: The concept of swearing and oaths also appears in ancient Greek philosophy, where the seriousness of one’s word was linked to moral character and social responsibility.