Brief Overview of μητρόπολις (Strong’s G3390: mētropolis)

Unveiling the Word

Understanding Greek words in biblical studies is essential for grasping the depth of meaning and context behind the original Scriptures. One such word, μητρόπολις (mētropolis), offers significant cultural and theological insight. This word, which we commonly know as “metropolis” in English, originally referred to the “mother city” in ancient Greek culture. Its appearance in texts like 1 Timothy 6:21 provides a deeper understanding of the ancient worldview surrounding urban centers, governance, and societal structure. For New Testament interpretation, it reveals not just geographical importance but also the role of authority and influence that such cities held in ancient civilizations.

Necessary Information

Greek Word: μητρόπολις (mētropolis), pronounced may-TRO-po-lis.

Etymology: The word μητρόπολις is a compound of two Greek words—μήτηρ (mētēr), meaning “mother,” and πόλις (polis), meaning “city.” Thus, μητρόπολις literally translates to “mother city.” In ancient Greece, it referred to a city that founded colonies, making it the “parent” city of the smaller colonies.

Part of Speech: Μητρόπολις is a feminine noun. In classical Greek and New Testament literature, it is used to describe an influential or governing city, often a capital or a central hub of a region.

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Defining Meanings

1. Mother City: The primary meaning of μητρόπολις is “mother city,” referring to a city that founded and governed other colonies or regions. This term was significant in the Greek colonial system, where the mother city maintained a cultural and political influence over its colonies.

2. Capital City: Over time, μητρόπολις came to refer more broadly to the principal city or capital of a region or province. This meaning emphasizes its status as the center of political and administrative control.

Exploring Similar Words

1. Πόλις (polis): Pronounced PO-lis, meaning “city.” While it shares the root with μητρόπολις, πόλις refers to any city, whereas μητρόπολις specifically denotes a city with authority or historical significance as a “mother” city.

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2. Ἐπαρχία (eparchia): Pronounced ep-ark-HEE-ah, meaning “province” or “district.” This word refers to regions governed by a μητρόπολις, highlighting the relationship between the central city and its territories.

Reviewing the Word’s Morphology

Case, Number, Gender: Μητρόπολις is a feminine noun and follows a typical declension pattern for Greek nouns.

• Nominative singular: μητρόπολις (mētropolis) – subject.

• Genitive singular: μητροπόλεως (mētropoleōs) – possessive, indicating origin or ownership.

• Dative singular: μητροπόλει (mētropolei) – indirect object.

• Accusative singular: μητρόπολιν (mētropolin) – direct object.

Studying Lexicon Insights

According to various Greek lexicons, μητρόπολις is consistently understood as a term related to both geographical and political authority. In classical Greek, it was frequently used to describe cities that held political power over colonies or territories. By the time of the New Testament, μητρόπολις had expanded its meaning to include any capital city, reflecting the growing political centralization of the Roman Empire.

This overview synthesizes insights from BDAG, Thayer’s, LSJ, Vine’s, Strong’s, LEH, and Moulton and Milligan.

Tracing Related Scriptures

Though μητρόπολις does not appear explicitly in many New Testament passages, its concepts of authority and influence are reflected in the understanding of Jerusalem as the spiritual μητρόπολις of the Jewish people.

Analyzing Classical Usage

In classical Greek literature, μητρόπολις had strong political connotations. Below are a few examples of its use in different works:

Author Name of Work Text with μητρόπολις (mētropolis)

Plato Laws “The μητρόπολις must always retain authority over her colonies.”

Herodotus Histories “Athens was the μητρόπολις of many colonies throughout the Aegean.”

Septuagint (LXX) 1 Maccabees “Jerusalem, the μητρόπολις of all, holds our faith and history together.”

Noteworthy Summary

The word μητρόπολις (mētropolis) plays a significant role in understanding how cities were viewed in terms of governance and influence in ancient Greek culture. It was more than just a term for a large city; it carried with it implications of authority, protection, and cultural significance. As the mother city, a μητρόπολις was responsible for shaping the identity and political power of the territories it governed. This term not only enhances our understanding of ancient cities but also gives us insight into how early Christians might have understood cities like Jerusalem and Rome, which held central spiritual or political influence in the ancient world.

Did You Know?

• The English word “metropolis” is directly derived from μητρόπολις, maintaining its original meaning of a central, influential city.

• In ancient Greece, μητρόπολις cities were often responsible for founding colonies, which remained politically and culturally tied to the mother city.

• μητρόπολις in the New Testament era often referred to provincial capitals under Roman rule, reflecting the administrative importance of such cities in the empire.