Brief Overview of ὀνειδίζω (Strong’s G3679: oneidizo)

Unveiling the Word

Understanding Greek words is essential in Biblical studies, as they often carry nuanced meanings that are vital for interpreting the scriptures accurately. The word ὀνειδίζω, which appears in Matthew 5:11, holds particular significance in the context of the teachings of Jesus regarding persecution and reviling. This verb encapsulates the act of reproaching or insulting someone, especially in the context of faith and righteousness. By exploring ὀνειδίζω, we not only gain insight into its application in the New Testament but also understand its broader implications within ancient Greek culture and rhetoric.

Necessary Information

Greek Word: ὀνειδίζω (oneidizo)

Pronunciation Guide: oh-nay-DIZ-oh

Etymology: The term ὀνειδίζω comes from the root word ὄνειδος (oneidos), which means “reproach” or “shame.” This etymological background emphasizes the act of causing shame or reproach to someone, particularly in a public or social context.

Part of Speech: Verb. As a verb, ὀνειδίζω expresses an action—specifically, the act of reproaching or insulting someone. It is primarily used in the present tense.

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Defining Meanings

Meaning 1: To reproach. This primary meaning refers to the act of expressing disapproval or disappointment toward someone, particularly for their actions or beliefs.

Meaning 2: To revile or insult. This connotation emphasizes a more aggressive or harsh form of reproach, often involving derogatory language or behavior.

Meaning 3: To bring shame upon someone. This meaning focuses on the emotional impact of reproach, highlighting the intent to humiliate or undermine the dignity of the individual being reproached.

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Exploring Similar Words

ὄνειδος (oneidos) : This noun means “reproach” or “disgrace,” referring to the state of being reproached rather than the action of reproaching. While ὀνειδίζω is the act of reproaching, ὄνειδος describes the result of such an action.

ἐπιτιμάω (epitimao) : This verb means “to reprimand” or “to admonish.” While both verbs involve a form of criticism, ἐπιτιμάω often carries a connotation of authority or correction, whereas ὀνειδίζω focuses more on insult and shame.

κατακρίνω (katakrino) : This verb means “to condemn” or “to judge.” While ὀνειδίζω emphasizes reproach in a derogatory sense, κατακρίνω implies a formal judgment or condemnation, often in a legal or moral context.

Reviewing the Word’s Morphology

Tense, Voice, Mood: ὀνειδίζω is primarily used in the present tense, active voice, indicative mood. The present tense indicates an ongoing action, suggesting that reproaching can be a continual process rather than a one-time event.

Person and Number: The verb is conjugated for different persons (1st, 2nd, 3rd) and numbers (singular, plural). For example, in the first person singular present indicative, it would be “ὀνειδίζω” (I reproach), while in the third person singular it would be “ὀνειδίζει” (he/she reproaches).

Aspect: The imperfective aspect of ὀνειδίζω implies that the action is ongoing or habitual, highlighting that reproaching can occur repeatedly or in various contexts.

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Studying Lexicon Insights

In the New Testament, ὀνειδίζω appears in the context of Jesus’ teachings about the treatment of the righteous. For example, in Matthew 5:11, Jesus instructs his followers that when they are reviled or insulted for their faith, they are to rejoice, for they are in good company with the prophets who faced similar challenges. This usage underscores the importance of perseverance in the face of reproach, presenting a counter-cultural stance that values spiritual integrity over social acceptance.

Theologically, the concept of reproach is significant because it illustrates the cost of discipleship. Jesus’ use of ὀνειδίζω reflects a broader understanding in ancient Greek culture where public shame could serve as a powerful tool for social control. In this context, ὀνειδίζω emphasizes the need for believers to remain steadfast in their convictions, even when faced with societal disapproval or ridicule.

This overview synthesizes insights from BDAG, Thayer’s, LSJ, Vine’s, Strong’s, LEH, and Moulton and Milligan.

Tracing Related Scriptures

Matthew 5:11: “Blessed are you when others revile [ὀνειδίζω] you and persecute you and utter all kinds of evil against you falsely on my account.”

This verse illustrates the encouragement given to believers facing reproach for their faith.

Matthew 11:20: “Then he began to denounce the cities where most of his mighty works had been done, because they did not repent.”

This context highlights the idea of reproach directed toward those who witnessed Jesus’ miracles but remained unrepentant.

Analyzing Classical Usage

Author Name of Work English Text

Plato The Republic “Those who do wrong will be reproached [ὀνειδίζω] for their actions.”

Aristotle Rhetoric “To insult is to reproach [ὀνειδίζω] and diminish another’s standing.”

Sophocles Oedipus Rex “He who acts unjustly will face reproach [ὀνειδίζω] in his own time.”

Septuagint Proverbs 14:34 “Righteousness exalts a nation, but sin is a reproach [ὀνειδίζω] to any people.”

Septuagint Jeremiah 51:51 “We are ashamed [ὀνειδίζω], for we have heard reproach [ὀνειδίζω].”

Septuagint Isaiah 66:5 “Hear the word of the Lord, you who tremble at his word! Your brothers who hate you and exclude you because of my name have said, ‘Let the Lord be glorified, that we may see your joy!’ Yet they will be put to shame [ὀνειδίζω].”

Noteworthy Summary

The Greek word ὀνειδίζω is significant in understanding the dynamics of reproach and its implications for believers in the New Testament. Its occurrence in Matthew 5:11 captures Jesus’ teachings on the blessedness of those who endure reproach for their faith. Through its various meanings and usages, ὀνειδίζω highlights the importance of resilience in the face of societal disapproval, encouraging believers to find strength in their convictions. The broader cultural implications of reproach in ancient Greek society further enrich our understanding of this term, showcasing its relevance in both religious and social contexts.

Did You Know?

• The term ὀνειδίζω not only signifies reproach but also embodies the social dynamics of ancient communities where public opinion could heavily influence personal relationships and decisions.

• In the context of Jesus’ teachings, being reproached for one’s faith is framed as a mark of honor, aligning believers with the prophets who faced similar trials.

• Ancient Greek philosophers and playwrights often explored themes of honor and shame, making ὀνειδίζω a culturally resonant term in discussions of morality and ethics.