Brief Overview of μεταστρέφω (Strong’s G3344: metastrephō)

Unveiling the Word

In biblical studies, the investigation of Greek words sheds light on the deeper meanings of scripture. The Greek verb μεταστρέφω (metastrephō) first appears in Acts 2:20, where it is used to describe the cosmic events of the sun turning to darkness and the moon to blood, prophesying significant changes before the Day of the Lord. Understanding μεταστρέφω helps unpack not only New Testament prophecies but also broader cultural contexts in the ancient world. This word conveys the idea of transformation, often with the connotation of turning something upside down, reversing it, or dramatically changing its state. Its usage in the New Testament, as well as in classical Greek literature, reveals its importance in describing both physical and metaphorical shifts.

Necessary Information

Greek Word: μεταστρέφω (metastrephō, pronunciation: meh-tah-STREH-foh)

Etymology: μεταστρέφω is a compound word formed from “μετα-” (meta-), meaning “after,” “beyond,” or “change,” and “στρέφω” (strephō), meaning “to turn” or “to twist.” Combined, μεταστρέφω means to “turn beyond” or “transform,” implying a radical change in form, state, or direction.

Part of Speech: μεταστρέφω is a verb. It describes the action of turning, transforming, or changing something, often in a significant or dramatic manner. It can refer to both physical changes (like turning an object) or metaphorical changes (such as altering one’s beliefs or circumstances).

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Defining Meanings

Meaning 1: To turn or transform. This primary meaning conveys the act of turning something over, upside down, or into something else. In Acts 2:20, it is used to describe celestial transformations, like the sun turning into darkness.

Meaning 2: To change or reverse. In broader contexts, μεταστρέφω refers to the reversal or change of a situation or condition, indicating a complete transformation from one state to another.

Meaning 3: To pervert or distort. In some contexts, μεταστρέφω can carry a negative connotation, meaning to twist or distort the truth, often used when discussing the corruption of beliefs or ideas.

Exploring Similar Words

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μεταμορφόω (metamorphoō, pronounced meh-tah-MOR-foh-oh): This word also means “to transform,” but with a focus on the complete change of form or nature, especially in spiritual or physical contexts. While μεταμορφόω suggests a positive transformation (such as spiritual growth), μεταστρέφω often emphasizes more abrupt or disruptive changes.

στρέφω (strephō, pronounced STREH-foh): The root of μεταστρέφω, this verb means “to turn” or “to twist.” It can refer to physical turning, like changing direction, or to metaphorical shifts in thought or behavior.

μετατίθημι (metatithēmi, pronounced meh-tah-TEE-thay-mee): This verb means “to transfer” or “to change position.” While it shares a meaning of change with μεταστρέφω, it emphasizes the act of moving or transferring something from one place to another rather than transforming its nature.

Reviewing the Word’s Morphology

Tense, Voice, Mood: μεταστρέφω can appear in a variety of tenses, voices, and moods in the New Testament. In Acts 2:20, it appears in the future indicative passive form (“μεταστραφήσεται”), referring to a future transformation of the sun and moon. The passive voice suggests that the subject (the sun and moon) will be acted upon, undergoing a transformation. The verb can also appear in the present, aorist, or future tenses, reflecting ongoing, completed, or future actions.

Person and Number: μεταστρέφω can be conjugated for different persons (1st, 2nd, 3rd) and numbers (singular, plural). In Acts 2:20, it appears in the 3rd person singular future indicative passive, indicating a future event that will happen to a single subject (the sun).

Aspect: Greek verbs express different aspects—imperfective (ongoing action), perfective (completed action), or stative (existing condition). In Acts 2:20, the future aspect points to an anticipated event, while in other contexts, μεταστρέφω could describe completed or ongoing changes.

Conjugation Table: Present Indicative Active

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Studying Lexicon Insights

Lexical insights into μεταστρέφω show its broad range of meanings, from physical transformations to metaphorical shifts. In New Testament contexts, such as Acts 2:20, the word describes cosmic changes associated with divine events, such as the apocalyptic transformation of the heavens before the Day of the Lord. In classical Greek texts, μεταστρέφω is often used to describe changes in political power, societal reversals, or even personal transformations. Its more negative connotations—such as distorting the truth or twisting someone’s words—are found in both biblical and secular literature, particularly when discussing the corruption of teachings or beliefs.

This overview synthesizes insights from BDAG, Thayer’s, LSJ, Vine’s, Strong’s, LEH, and Moulton and Milligan.

Tracing Related Scriptures

• Acts 2:20: “The sun shall be turned [μεταστρέφω] into darkness, and the moon into blood, before the great and glorious day of the Lord shall come.”
• Galatians 1:7: “There are some who trouble you and want to pervert [μεταστρέφω] the gospel of Christ.”
• James 4:9: “Be afflicted, and mourn, and weep: let your laughter be turned [μεταστρέφω] to mourning, and your joy to heaviness.”

Analyzing Classical Usage

Noteworthy Summary

The Greek verb μεταστρέφω carries a rich range of meanings in both New Testament and classical Greek usage. It can describe literal transformations, as in Acts 2:20 where the sun and moon undergo cosmic changes, as well as metaphorical shifts, such as the perversion of the gospel in Galatians 1:7. The term encompasses both physical and moral transformations, often with the connotation of upheaval or reversal. Classical Greek texts frequently use μεταστρέφω in political and social contexts, reflecting changes in power, policy, or character, while in the Septuagint, it is used to depict both divine judgment and the alteration of natural and human events.

Did You Know?

• μεταστρέφω is used to describe both positive and negative transformations, but in the New Testament, it often emphasizes dramatic changes, such as apocalyptic events or the distortion of truth.
• The concept of transformation conveyed by μεταστρέφω is central to understanding the eschatological themes in Acts 2, where cosmic changes signal the coming of the Day of the Lord.
• μεταστρέφω also appears in contexts of moral corruption, as in Galatians 1:7, where Paul warns of those who twist or pervert the gospel of Christ.