Brief Overview of μέμφομαι (Strong’s G3201: memphomai)

Unveiling the Word

In biblical studies, understanding the nuances of Greek words can offer profound insights into the text. The Greek word μέμφομαι (memphomai), which first appears in Mark 7:2, is particularly significant because it captures the essence of criticism and reproach. This term is relevant not only for interpreting the New Testament but also for understanding the dynamics of social and moral critique in ancient Greek culture. The word conveys more than simple blame; it reflects a deeper disapproval, often associated with moral or ethical failings.

Necessary Information

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Greek Word: μέμφομαι (memphomai), pronounced [MEM-foh-my].

Etymology: The word μέμφομαι derives from the root verb μέμφομαι itself, which is thought to be connected with the idea of blame or reproach. It is linked to the Proto-Indo-European root memph-, meaning “to blame” or “find fault with.” This root is also related to similar words in other Indo-European languages that convey disapproval or criticism.

Part of Speech: Verb. μέμφομαι is a middle voice verb, which in Greek often implies that the subject is both performing and affected by the action. It typically conveys the idea of blaming or reproaching oneself or others. The verb is conjugated in various tenses, voices, and moods, each affecting its meaning and usage.

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Defining Meanings

1. To Blame or Reproach: The primary meaning of μέμφομαι is to blame or reproach someone, often in a moral or ethical context. It suggests finding fault with someone’s behavior or character.
2. To Censure or Criticize: This word also encompasses the idea of formal criticism, as one might criticize a public figure or a policy. It conveys a strong disapproval that goes beyond casual fault-finding.
3. To Find Fault: In a broader sense, μέμφομαι can mean to find fault or be dissatisfied with something or someone, highlighting imperfections or shortcomings.

Exploring Similar Words

1. κατηγορέω (katēgoreō) [ka-tay-go-REH-oh]: This word means “to accuse” and often has a legal connotation. Unlike μέμφομαι, which can be more personal, κατηγορέω implies a formal accusation.
2. ἐπιπλήσσω (epiplēssō) [eh-pee-PLAYS-so]: This word means “to rebuke” or “reprimand.” It is similar to μέμφομαι but is more often used in the context of scolding someone for specific actions rather than general reproach.
3. μέμψις (mempsis) [MEM-psis]: This noun form shares its root with μέμφομαι and means “blame” or “reproach.” It denotes the act of blaming or the state of being blamed.

Reviewing the Word’s Morphology

As a middle voice verb, μέμφομαι has the following morphological characteristics:

• Present Tense: μέμφομαι (I blame)
• Imperfect Tense: ἐμεμφόμην (I was blaming)
• Future Tense: μεμψομαι (I will blame)
• Aorist Tense: ἐμεμψάμην (I blamed)
• Perfect Tense: μεμψάμενος εἰμί (I have blamed)

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Studying Lexicon Insights

Lexicon entries for μέμφομαι reflect its consistent use as a term of reproach. BDAG and Thayer’s lexicons highlight its function in conveying moral disapproval, particularly in New Testament contexts where it is used to criticize hypocritical or legalistic behavior. LSJ notes its classical usage in Greek literature, where it often describes criticism of character or actions. Vine’s and Strong’s lexicons focus on its theological implications, suggesting that the word underscores the human tendency to judge others. LEH and Moulton and Milligan explore its broader use in Hellenistic Greek, showing that it was a common term for expressing dissatisfaction.

This overview synthesizes insights from BDAG, Thayer’s, LSJ, Vine’s, Strong’s, LEH, and Moulton and Milligan.

Tracing Related Scriptures

1. Mark 7:2: “They saw that some of His disciples were eating their bread with impure hands, that is, unwashed [μέμψωνται].” This verse highlights the Pharisees’ criticism of Jesus’ disciples, illustrating the word’s use in a context of religious disapproval.
2. Hebrews 8:8: “For finding fault with them [μεμφόμενος], He says, ‘Behold, days are coming, says the Lord, when I will effect a new covenant.’” This verse uses μέμφομαι to convey God’s reproach of the old covenant, pointing to its inadequacies.
3. Jude 1:16: “These are grumblers, finding fault [μεμψίμοιροι], following after their own lusts; they speak arrogantly, flattering people for the sake of gaining an advantage.” This verse underscores the critical and fault-finding nature of certain individuals.

Analyzing Classical Usage

Noteworthy Summary

μέμφομαι is a powerful word that encapsulates the act of blaming or reproaching. In the New Testament, it often appears in contexts of moral and religious criticism, as seen in the Gospels and Epistles. Understanding this word enriches our comprehension of the dynamics of judgment and disapproval in both biblical and classical literature.

Did You Know?

1. The word μέμφομαι is one of the few Greek words that is consistently used in the middle voice, reflecting the personal involvement of the subject in the act of reproach.
2. In classical Greek, μέμφομαι was often used to critique not just individuals but entire cities or policies, showing its broad application.
3. The verb form of μέμφομαι has no direct English equivalent, as it conveys a deeper and more personal level of blame than simple criticism.