Brief Overview of Μάρμαρος (Strong’s G3139: mármaros)

Unveiling the Word

Understanding Greek words in Biblical studies is essential for a deeper comprehension of the Scriptures. The word μάρμαρος (mármaros), appearing in Revelation 18:12, holds particular significance as it describes a valuable material used in the construction and decoration of ancient structures. This word provides insight into the opulence of ancient cultures and their use of luxurious materials, and it also conveys symbolic meanings related to wealth and grandeur in the New Testament, especially in the context of the fall of Babylon in Revelation.

Necessary Information

Greek Word: Μάρμαρος (mármaros) [MAR-mah-ros]. The word is pronounced with emphasis on the first syllable.

Etymology: The root of μάρμαρος is derived from the verb μαρμαίρω (marmaírō), meaning “to sparkle” or “to glisten.” This etymology reflects the shiny, reflective quality of marble, which has been admired and utilized throughout history for its beauty and durability.

Part of Speech: Noun (feminine). Μάρμαρος is a common noun that typically refers to marble, a precious stone highly valued in the ancient world for its use in sculpture, architecture, and decorative arts. It does not follow the regular declension patterns of Greek nouns, but it retains its basic form across different contexts.

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Defining Meanings

1. Marble: The primary meaning of μάρμαρος is “marble,” a type of metamorphic rock prized for its aesthetic appeal and structural integrity. It was extensively used in the construction of temples, palaces, and public buildings in ancient Greece and Rome. Its presence in Revelation highlights the opulence of the doomed city, Babylon, symbolizing the wealth and power that will ultimately crumble.
2. Symbol of Wealth and Splendor: In biblical and classical literature, marble often symbolizes wealth, status, and artistic achievement. The mention of marble in Revelation 18:12, among other luxurious items, underscores the material excesses of Babylon, which contrast sharply with the spiritual poverty depicted in the text.
3. Metaphor for Permanence and Purity: Marble’s association with durability and whiteness makes it a metaphor for purity and permanence in various literary and artistic traditions. This symbolic meaning can be contrasted with its role in Revelation, where its value is reduced to a lament for the fallen city.

Exploring Similar Words

1. Λίθος (líthos) [LEE-thos]: This more general term means “stone” or “rock” and is used broadly in the New Testament. While λίθος refers to any stone, μάρμαρος specifically denotes marble, emphasizing the material’s high status and specialized use.
2. Μαργαρίτης (margarítēs) [mar-gar-EE-tace]: Meaning “pearl,” this word also appears in Revelation and symbolizes something precious and rare. Both μάρμαρος and μαργαρίτης highlight luxury and beauty, but pearls are organic, while marble is a durable, earthy material.
3. Χρυσός (chrysós) [kroo-SOS]: Meaning “gold,” this word denotes another element of wealth and splendor in the biblical text. While gold is associated with riches and divine glory, marble conveys strength and artistic refinement.

Reviewing the Word’s Morphology

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As a Greek noun, μάρμαρος typically appears in the singular form and is often used in the nominative or accusative cases. Its declension is as follows:

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Studying Lexicon Insights

Lexicons highlight μάρμαρος as a term denoting marble, emphasizing its role in ancient architecture and art. BDAG and Thayer’s lexicons note its use in both biblical and extra-biblical contexts to describe a material of high value and beauty. LSJ expands on its use in classical Greek literature, where marble is frequently mentioned in descriptions of temples and statues. Strong’s concordance connects the word to its appearance in Revelation, where it symbolizes the opulence of Babylon. LEH and Moulton and Milligan explore its occurrences in the Septuagint and papyri, showing its commonality in describing luxurious settings. This overview synthesizes insights from BDAG, Thayer’s, LSJ, Vine’s, Strong’s, LEH, and Moulton and Milligan.

Tracing Related Scriptures

1. Revelation 18:12: “cargoes of gold, silver, precious stones and pearls; fine linen, purple, silk and scarlet cloth; every sort of citron wood, and articles of every kind made of ivory, costly wood, bronze, iron and marble [μάρμαρος].”

Analyzing Classical Usage

In the Septuagint, μάρμαρος is not directly attested, but similar terms referring to precious stones or construction materials are used.

Noteworthy Summary

The Greek word μάρμαρος, signifying marble, is a symbol of wealth, beauty, and durability in both the ancient world and the biblical context. Its use in Revelation 18:12 serves as a poignant reminder of the transient nature of earthly wealth and the ultimate downfall of opulence when contrasted with spiritual values. Understanding this word enriches our appreciation of the text and the cultural milieu of the New Testament.

Did You Know?

• Marble from the island of Paros was considered the finest in the ancient world and was used in the construction of the Parthenon.
• The word “marble” in English is derived directly from the Greek μάρμαρος.
• In ancient Greece, marble statues were often painted in bright colors, a practice lost over time, leaving us with the white marble we associate with classical art today.