Brief Overview of λύπη (Strong’s G3077: lypē)

Unveiling the Word

In biblical studies, understanding the emotional depth and cultural context of Greek words like λύπη (lypē) can provide profound insights into key moments in the New Testament. λύπη, meaning “sorrow” or “grief,” appears for the first time in Luke 22:45, where it describes the emotional state of the disciples as they struggled with fatigue and sorrow in the Garden of Gethsemane. This word captures the intensity of human grief and its theological implications, making it a significant term both in understanding the emotional tone of the New Testament and its cultural resonance in ancient Greek society.

Necessary Information

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Greek Word: λύπη (lypē) [LOO-pay].
Etymology: λύπη derives from the root word λυπέω (lypeō), meaning “to cause sorrow” or “to grieve.” λύπη as a noun signifies the state or experience of sorrow, emphasizing an internal emotional experience rather than an action.
Part of Speech: Noun (feminine). It describes an emotional state or experience, often used in contexts of sadness, distress, or regret.
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Defining Meanings

1. Sorrow or Grief: The primary meaning of λύπη is sorrow or grief, often arising from emotional distress due to loss, suffering, or hardship. In Luke 22:45, it conveys the deep emotional weight felt by the disciples as they faced Jesus’ impending arrest.
2. Emotional Distress: λύπη can also refer to general emotional distress or mental anguish, extending beyond personal grief to encompass any profound emotional burden.
3. Regret or Remorse: In some contexts, λύπη signifies regret or remorse, the emotional weight of knowing one has done wrong, which may not involve personal loss but a moral realization of guilt.

Exploring Similar Words

1. ὀδύνη (odynē) [oh-DU-nee]: Meaning “pain” or “anguish,” this word is more physical in nature, though it can also refer to mental or emotional suffering. While λύπη focuses on sorrow, ὀδύνη emphasizes the acute sense of pain.
2. πενθός (penthos) [PEN-thos]: This word means “mourning” or “lamentation” and is often used in the context of grieving for the dead. While similar to λύπη, πενθός is more specific to ritual mourning and outward expressions of grief.
3. ἀθυμία (athymia) [ah-THOO-mee-ah]: Meaning “despair” or “discouragement,” this term describes a deep emotional state of hopelessness, where λύπη may refer more generally to sadness or sorrow.

Reviewing the Word’s Morphology

As a noun, λύπη follows the declension patterns for feminine nouns.

Case, Number, Gender:

• Case: λύπη can appear in any of the cases depending on its role in a sentence (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative).
• Number: Singular or plural. Singular refers to one instance of grief or sorrow, while plural (λύπαι) can refer to multiple instances of sorrow or different forms of grief.
• Gender: Feminine, a characteristic of many abstract nouns in Greek.

Declension: λύπη follows the first declension pattern for feminine nouns.

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Studying Lexicon Insights

The word λύπη appears frequently in both classical Greek literature and the New Testament, reflecting the universal human experience of sorrow. In Luke 22:45, it specifically describes the disciples’ exhaustion from sorrow as they struggled to comprehend the gravity of the situation. This usage captures the emotional turmoil they faced as Jesus prayed before His arrest, providing a glimpse into the disciples’ human frailty.

In classical Greek literature, λύπη often referred to emotional suffering, particularly in contexts of war, loss, or personal tragedy. Philosophers like Aristotle explored λύπη in their discussions on ethics and emotions, considering it one of the painful emotions that affect human decision-making and well-being. Theological interpretations of λύπη in the New Testament also emphasize its role in repentance and moral reflection, with regret and sorrow leading to deeper spiritual awareness.

This overview synthesizes insights from BDAG, Thayer’s, LSJ, Vine’s, Strong’s, LEH, and Moulton and Milligan.

Tracing Related Scriptures

1. Luke 22:45: “When He rose from prayer, He came to the disciples and found them sleeping from sorrow (λύπης).”
2. John 16:20: “You will grieve (λυπήσεσθε), but your grief (λύπη) will turn into joy.”
3. 2 Corinthians 2:7: “So you should rather turn to forgive and comfort him, or he may be overwhelmed by excessive sorrow (λύπῃ).”

Analyzing Classical Usage

Noteworthy Summary

The Greek noun λύπη (lypē) encapsulates the depth of human sorrow and emotional pain, both in the New Testament and classical Greek texts. As seen in Luke 22:45, it represents the disciples’ emotional distress at a critical moment in Jesus’ ministry. Theologically, λύπη reflects the human experience of grief and repentance, often tied to personal loss, spiritual struggle, or moral regret. In classical Greek literature, λύπη served as a key term in exploring the consequences of emotional pain, whether in war, philosophy, or personal relationships.

Did You Know?

1. The Greek word λύπη can refer to both sorrow over loss and the emotional weight of regret, making it a versatile term in moral and spiritual contexts.
2. λύπη appears frequently in the Septuagint to describe God’s sorrow over humanity’s sins, linking divine grief with human transgression.
3. In ancient Greek philosophy, λύπη was considered one of the primary emotions that could disrupt rational thought and moral decision-making.