Brief Overview of λύκος (Strong’s G3074: lýkos)

Unveiling the Word

Understanding Greek words in biblical studies can significantly deepen our comprehension of scripture, especially in recognizing symbolic language. The Greek word λύκος (lýkos), meaning “wolf,” appears in Matthew 7:15 and is used metaphorically in the New Testament to describe dangerous or deceptive individuals. By studying λύκος, we can better appreciate how Jesus employed vivid imagery to warn his followers against false prophets. Beyond its New Testament usage, the term also holds cultural significance in ancient Greek literature, where wolves were often associated with danger and cunning.

Necessary Information

Greek Word: λύκος (lýkos) [LOO-kos].
Etymology: The word is rooted in classical Greek and consistently means “wolf.” It carries connotations of predatory behavior, both in literal and metaphorical contexts.
Part of Speech: Noun (masculine). This word follows the regular declension patterns for masculine nouns in Greek.
The F.O.G Word Choice: Coming Soon.

Defining Meanings

1. Wolf: Refers to the literal animal, the wolf, known for its predatory and dangerous nature. In ancient contexts, wolves were feared as wild, untamed creatures that threatened livestock and sometimes humans.
2. False Prophets: In Matthew 7:15, Jesus uses λύκος metaphorically to describe false prophets who, while appearing harmless (like sheep), are actually dangerous predators seeking to mislead and harm the flock.
3. Symbol of Cunning: The term λύκος can also be extended to represent cunning, treacherous individuals in classical literature and moral teachings.

Exploring Similar Words

1. ἄρκος (árkos) [AR-kos]: This word means “bear” and is used similarly to λύκος to describe a dangerous wild animal. However, bears were more associated with brute strength than the cunning often attributed to wolves.
2. λέων (léon) [LEH-on]: This word means “lion” and refers to a majestic but dangerous predator. While both λύκος and λέων represent threats, the lion was often seen as a symbol of royalty or power, whereas the wolf symbolized deceit and predatory behavior.
3. ἀλώπηξ (alópex) [ah-LOH-peks]: Meaning “fox,” this word shares with λύκος the characteristic of cunning, but foxes are usually depicted as smaller and less dangerous than wolves.

Reviewing the Word’s Morphology

As a noun, λύκος has the following morphological characteristics:

Case, Number, Gender:

• Case: It appears in all cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative) depending on its grammatical function in the sentence.
• Number: Singular or plural, with singular referring to one wolf and plural (λύκοι) referring to multiple wolves.
• Gender: Masculine, as indicated by its ending and grammatical usage.

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Declension: λύκος follows the second declension for masculine nouns.

Click here for a beginners guide to reading Greek.

Studying Lexicon Insights

The word λύκος is rich in metaphorical meaning throughout both the New Testament and classical literature. In the New Testament, it is used to depict individuals who seek to deceive or harm the church, much like wolves attacking sheep. Jesus’ warning in Matthew 7:15 about “wolves in sheep’s clothing” highlights the deceptive nature of these false prophets, masking their true intentions.

In classical Greek texts, λύκος similarly refers to literal wolves and is often used to describe danger and wildness. A consistent theme in both Greek culture and scripture is the wolf’s predatory nature, which made it a powerful metaphor for treachery and deceit. In this way, λύκος ties into broader themes of trust, danger, and the need for discernment.

This overview synthesizes insights from BDAG, Thayer’s, LSJ, Vine’s, Strong’s, LEH, and Moulton and Milligan.

Tracing Related Scriptures

1. Matthew 7:15: “Beware of false prophets, who come to you in sheep’s clothing, but inwardly are ravenous wolves (λύκος).”
2. Luke 10:3: “Go! I am sending you out like lambs among wolves (λύκος).”
3. John 10:12: “The hired hand… abandons the sheep and runs away. Then the wolf (λύκος) attacks the flock and scatters it.”

Analyzing Classical Usage

Noteworthy Summary

The Greek word λύκος (lýkos) refers to a wolf and is used both literally and metaphorically in ancient texts. In the New Testament, it appears in Jesus’ warnings about false prophets, portraying them as wolves that seek to deceive and harm. Understanding λύκος helps illuminate how biblical writers employed vivid imagery to communicate danger and the need for spiritual discernment. The word’s usage in both classical Greek and biblical texts underscores its broader cultural significance, from symbolizing treachery in Greek philosophy to representing spiritual threats in the New Testament.

Did You Know?

1. Wolves were often considered symbols of chaos and lawlessness in both Greek and Roman societies.
2. The ancient Lycian people from Lycia (as mentioned in Acts) believed their ancestors had a mythical connection with wolves.
3. In early Christian art, wolves were sometimes depicted as symbols of heresy and division within the church.