Brief Overview of λακτίζω (Strong’s G2979: laktízō)

Unveiling the Word

Understanding Greek words is vital for Biblical studies, as it helps us appreciate the nuances and depth of the original texts. The Greek word λακτίζω (laktízō), which first appears in Acts 9:5, is particularly significant because it is used metaphorically to convey resistance or futile struggle. This word’s meaning enriches our understanding of New Testament passages, especially those involving spiritual or moral conflict. It also provides insight into ancient Greek culture, where agricultural imagery was often employed to convey deeper philosophical and moral lessons.

Necessary Information

Greek Word: λακτίζω, transliterated as laktízō [pronounced: lak-TEE-zo].

Etymology: The word λακτίζω is derived from the root word λάκτισμα (láktisma), meaning “a kick.” The root concept is linked to the act of kicking, often in resistance or defiance, which reflects an idea of rebellion or stubborn opposition.

Part of Speech: Verb. λακτίζω is a verb in Greek that describes the action of kicking. It appears in the New Testament in a figurative sense, conveying a struggle against an unavoidable or greater force.

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Defining Meanings

1. To Kick: The primary meaning of λακτίζω is “to kick,” often referring to the act of striking with the foot. This literal sense is foundational to its metaphorical usage.

2. To Kick Against the Goads: In a metaphorical context, λακτίζω is used in the phrase “kick against the goads,” which signifies a futile or rebellious resistance against authority or divine will. This meaning is derived from agricultural practices where oxen were controlled by goads, and kicking against them would only result in more pain for the animal.

Exploring Similar Words

1. ἐπανορθόω (epanorthóō) [pronounced: eh-pan-or-THO-oh]: This word means “to set straight again” or “to correct.” While it involves the idea of correction or adjustment, it lacks the rebellious or resistant nuance found in λακτίζω.

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2. μάχομαι (máchomai) [pronounced: MAH-kho-my]: Meaning “to fight” or “to battle,” μάχομαι conveys a sense of active combat or struggle. Unlike λακτίζω, it does not carry the specific connotation of a futile or rebellious act against a controlling force.

3. ἀντιτάσσομαι (antitássomai) [pronounced: an-tee-TAS-soh-my]: This verb means “to oppose” or “to set oneself against.” While it shares the idea of opposition, it lacks the vivid imagery of a physical kick or the futility suggested by λακτίζω.

Reviewing the Word’s Morphology

Tense, Voice, Mood: λακτίζω is an active voice verb that appears in different tenses, such as the present, aorist, and perfect. It is most commonly found in the indicative mood, indicating a statement of fact.

Person and Number: The verb λακτίζω can be conjugated in all persons (1st, 2nd, 3rd) and numbers (singular, plural). Here is a conjugation table for the Present Indicative form:

Aspect: In Greek, the aspect of λακτίζω can be imperfective (present tense), indicating an ongoing action, or perfective (aorist tense), indicating a completed action. This aspectual difference is essential in understanding the emphasis of the verb in context.

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Studying Lexicon Insights

The word λακτίζω is used in the New Testament to depict resistance to divine authority, as seen in Acts 9:5 during Saul’s encounter with Jesus on the road to Damascus. The phrase “It is hard for you to kick against the goads” employs this word to illustrate the futility and self-harm inherent in resisting God’s will. This expression, rooted in agricultural imagery, conveys that struggling against divine guidance only results in unnecessary pain and difficulty. In classical Greek contexts, λακτίζω similarly conveys notions of resistance, opposition, and rebellion, often with a sense of inevitability or the futility of the struggle.

This overview synthesizes insights from BDAG, Thayer’s, LSJ, Vine’s, Strong’s, LEH, and Moulton and Milligan.

Tracing Related Scriptures

Acts 9:5: “And he said, ‘Who are You, Lord?’ And He said, ‘I am Jesus whom you are persecuting; it is hard for you to kick [λακτίζειν] against the goads.'”

Acts 26:14: “And when we had all fallen to the ground, I heard a voice saying to me in the Hebrew dialect, ‘Saul, Saul, why are you persecuting Me? It is hard for you to kick [λακτίζειν] against the goads.'”

Analyzing Classical Usage

Noteworthy Summary

The Greek word λακτίζω (laktízō) is a verb that vividly conveys the concept of resistance or rebellion, particularly against divine will or authority. In the New Testament, its usage in Acts 9:5 provides a powerful metaphor for Saul’s struggle against God’s plan, highlighting the futility of resisting divine direction. Understanding this term enriches our comprehension of biblical passages that deal with themes of submission, rebellion, and spiritual transformation. In classical Greek literature, the word similarly reflects themes of defiance and the consequences of opposing higher powers.

Did You Know?

1. The phrase “kick against the goads” was a common proverb in ancient Greek culture, used to illustrate the futility of resisting a higher authority or force.
2. The metaphor of kicking against goads refers to oxen resisting their handlers by kicking against a sharp stick (goad), which only causes more pain to the animal.
3. In Acts 9:5, Jesus’ use of this phrase to address Saul (later Paul) became a turning point in early Christian history, as it marks Saul’s conversion to Christianity and his mission to spread the Gospel.