Brief Overview of κοπετός (Strong’s G2870: kopetos)

Unveiling the Word

Understanding the Greek word κοπετός (kopetos) is crucial for those studying biblical texts, as it provides deep insight into expressions of grief and lamentation in ancient contexts. This word, which appears in Acts 8:2, captures the raw emotion and cultural practices surrounding mourning in both the New Testament period and ancient Greek culture. By examining kopetos, readers gain a fuller understanding of how grief and sorrow were articulated and perceived in the ancient world, enriching our interpretation of the biblical narrative and its historical setting.

Necessary Information

Greek Word: κοπετός, transliterated as kopetos [koh-peh-TOS].

Etymology: The word kopetos is derived from the Greek verb κόπτω (koptō), which means “to cut” or “to strike.” This verb is often used in contexts related to beating one’s breast or striking oneself as an expression of intense grief or mourning.

Part of Speech: Noun, masculine. In grammatical terms, kopetos is a noun that represents an action or state—specifically, a state of mourning or lamentation. It appears primarily in the nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative cases, as it is used to describe or identify the nature of an action or emotion in a sentence.

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Defining Meanings

1. Lamentation or Mourning: The primary meaning of kopetos is a profound expression of grief or lamentation, often accompanied by wailing and physical gestures like beating the breast or tearing clothes, which were common mourning practices in ancient Near Eastern and Greco-Roman cultures.
2. Wailing: The word also denotes the act of wailing loudly as part of mourning rituals. It reflects not just an internal state of sorrow but a public display of grief, which was culturally significant in ancient times.

Exploring Similar Words

1. θρῆνος (thrēnos) [THRAY-nos]: Means “dirge” or “lament.” While similar in expressing grief, thrēnos often refers to a song or poetic expression of mourning, whereas kopetos emphasizes the physical acts and sounds of mourning.
2. οἰμωγή (oimogē) [oy-moh-GAY]: Refers to “wailing” or “crying aloud.” It is more focused on the vocal expressions of grief, while kopetos includes both the vocal and physical demonstrations of sorrow.
3. πένθος (penthos) [PEN-thos]: Signifies “mourning” or “sorrow.” Unlike kopetos, which emphasizes the public and physical aspects of mourning, penthos often describes a broader emotional state of grief, which may or may not be publicly demonstrated.

Reviewing the Word’s Morphology

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Case, Number, Gender: Kopetos is a masculine noun and can appear in singular and plural forms, although it is most commonly used in the singular to describe collective mourning or lamentation. It can be found in various cases, including nominative (κοπετός), genitive (κοπετοῦ), dative (κοπετῷ), and accusative (κοπετόν).

Declension: Kopetos follows the second declension pattern of Greek nouns. Below is a declension table for kopetos:

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Studying Lexicon Insights

Kopetos is described in various Greek lexicons as a term for mourning that involves both loud cries and physical expressions of grief, such as beating the breast or tearing clothes. In New Testament contexts, it underscores the emotional intensity of early Christian communities and their practices during times of loss. In classical contexts, it conveys similar themes, reflecting how grief was universally and culturally expressed in ancient times. Theologically, kopetos highlights the depth of human sorrow and the communal nature of mourning in biblical narratives. This overview synthesizes insights from BDAG, Thayer’s, LSJ, Vine’s, Strong’s, LEH, and Moulton and Milligan.

Tracing Related Scriptures

1. Acts 8:2: “And devout men carried Stephen to his burial and made great lamentation [κοπετόν] over him.”

Analyzing Classical Usage

Noteworthy Summary

The Greek word kopetos is a powerful term that captures the raw emotion of mourning and lamentation, both in the New Testament and classical Greek literature. It provides insight into the cultural practices of grief in the ancient world and offers a vivid picture of how sorrow and loss were experienced and expressed collectively. By understanding kopetos, readers gain a fuller appreciation of the social and emotional dynamics that underlie biblical narratives and ancient Greek texts.

Did You Know?

1. The word kopetos is related to the verb κόπτω (koptō), which means “to strike” or “cut,” symbolizing the physical expressions of grief.
2. Mourning practices like kopetos were not just personal but often involved the entire community, reflecting the collective nature of grief in ancient societies.
3. In ancient Greece, professional mourners were sometimes hired to perform acts of kopetos at funerals to publicly demonstrate the depth of sorrow and respect for the deceased.